Introduction to CDP

Introduction¹

DENT5310 – Integrated Dental Practice

Clinical Dental Practice module

• Unit Coordinator: Dr Mina Dizdarevic

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Welcome to DMD3

Contact Details:

• Email: mina.dizdarevic@uwa.edu.au
• Ext: 77653
• Office: Room 328
• Days: Monday - Thursday
  • ==Extraction Clinic Lead: Dr. Richard Haig.==
  • ==Unit Lead: Dr. Bowden (Final authority on leave and administrative approvals).==

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11 Modules

• Orofacial Pain and Dental Sleep Medicine (OFP)
• Oral Medicine (OM)
• Oral Surgery (OS)
• Prosthodontics - Removable Partial Dentures (Pr-RPD)
• Prosthodontics - Multiple Indirect Restorations (Pr-MIR)
• Restoration of Endodontically Treated Teeth (RETT)
• Orthodontics 1 (Ortho1)
• Paediatric Dentistry (Paeds1)
• Periodontics (Perio3)
• Clinical Dental Practice 3 (CDP3)
• Research Project 2 (Res2)

Info

While this lecture focuses on CDP3, students are reminded that other modules (such as Orthodontics and Paediatrics) run concurrently but may be assessed or managed under different unit structures.

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CDP3 Module: Clinical Dental Practice

• Module coordinator: Dr Mina Dizdarevic
• Block teaching week
• Lectures/Seminars
• Treatment planning sessions
• Comprehensive Care Clinics
• Screening Clinics
• Emergency Clinics
• Extraction Clinics

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CDP3 Module: Clinical Dental Practice

Module Activities and Frequency

• Block teaching week
• Lectures/Seminars
• Treatment planning sessions (2 - 3 sessions/semester)
• Comprehensive Care Clinics (30 - 33 sessions/semester)
• Screening Clinics (2 - 3 sessions/semester)
• Emergency Clinics (2 - 3 sessions/semester)
• Extraction Clinics (1 - 2 sessions/semester)
• Pros Lab sessions/Research

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CDP3 Module: Clinical Dental Practice

Learning Outcomes

1. Develop competence in clinical dental practice through the provision of dental care to patients

2. Compose and implement periodontal, endodontic, and restorative dental treatment plans, and plan the other dental treatment needs for patients (establish correct diagnosis and formulate proper treatment plans for restoring oral functions and communicate it to the patient);

3. Display professional behavior in the educational and clinical settings;

4. Discuss challenges to professionalism and reflect on professional behaviors in the clinical setting.

5. Demonstrate competency in restorative dentistry, focusing on direct restorations with opportunities for indirect work.

6. Apply effective clinical time management and workflow efficiency.

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CDP3 Teaching

• Module Components:
  • Lectures (LMS material)
  • Seminars: Clinical cases
  • Clinic work
  • Self-directed learning
  • Formative Sessions: Specific sessions (e.g., on Thursdays) to explain case presentations and logbook requirements.

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CDP3 Assessment

• Block teaching exercises (Pass/Fail): Formative assessment item

Module Marks:

• Clinical assessment (PebblePad) (FC): 20% of Unit Mark

  PebblePad must be completed by midnight on the day of the session. Failure to do so results in a failing mark for that session.

• Written Exam: Combined CDP & Perio Exam (Exam period) (FC): 10% Unit Mark

• Professionalism: Pass/Fail (Barrier - FC)

Requirement	Documentation	Note
Case Presentation (formative)	Clinical Logbook - clinical experience	**Final unit mark will not be released until both Case Pres and Final Logbook are submitted

Formative Case Presentation

A formative case presentation is required in Semester 1 as practice for the summative assessment in Semester 2. Monthly logbook submissions are also required to release final grades. ** |

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Rotations and Clinics

CDP Module Rotations:

• Comprehensive care Clinic (CCC1)
• Emergency Clinic
• Screening Clinic
• Exo Clinic
• Pros Laboratory

Non-CDP Module Rotations (within the unit):

• Ortho
• E block (oral surg/oral medicine)
• Paediatric Highgate
• Paediatric PCH

Clinic Locations

• Comprehensive Care is in Clinics 1 & 2 on the Ground Floor.
• Extraction Clinic is in Clinic 5.
• Orthodontics is in E Block.
• Paediatrics includes sessions at Eyegate and PCH.

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Comprehensive Care Clinic

• Clinic Hours: 8:00 AM - 11:45 AM and 12:30 PM - 4:15 PM

Note

The morning session runs until 12:45 PM. Students must be present 15 minutes before patients arrive to receive ATS from tutors..

• Patient Starting Times: 8:15 AM and 12:45 PM.
• Note: The 15 min beforehand is for ATS.
• Locations:
  • Clinic 1, 2 (Ground floor)
  • Exo clinic – Clinic 5 (1st floor)
• Supervision:
  • General Practice Dentists
  • Specialist: Endo, Perio, Pros, Oral Surgery
• Grading: GP dentist and Specialist tutors will be grading and approving clinical procedures.

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Comprehensive Care Clinic

Laboratory Work

• All laboratory work will be undertaken by the OHCWA clinical laboratory within the published turnaround times.

Info

Most laboratory work is handled by the Aqua Clinical Lab.

• Progress Sheets:
  • To be completed for each indirect laboratory procedure.
  • Progress sheets for various pros procedures are required to be printed and presented accordingly to be signed by the supervising tutor.
  • The progress sheet should be submitted to the lab with the Laboratory Lab Slip.
• Laboratory turnaround times

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Comprehensive Care Clinic

Laboratory Systems

• LabMagic: All the lab work submitted to the Lab should be registered on LabMagic (https://clientportal.labmagic.net/). Students will be able to search, track and trace their Laboratory work.
• Lab Slip: Patient eForms from Titanium.

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Absence

• Attendance of all timetabled lectures, laboratory and rostered clinical sessions is COMPULSORY for all students.
• Students are to remain in the clinic when rostered whether they are assigned to a patient or not.
  • Learning opportunity / Assist colleagues
  • Early Sem 1 – practice skills (Alginates; CAD-CAM Scanning; Photos)
  • Late Sem 1 – see Emergency patients.

If you need to leave the clinic due to illness or any other reason, advise the relevant clinic coordinator. A leave application through OHCWA App should be submitted if you leave the clinic for the rest of the session due to illness.

Absence Reporting

All absences must be reported via the new OHCWA App, which replaces the old Power App. For the approval process, students select the Module Coordinator to endorse the leave, which is then sent to Dr. Bowden for final approval.

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Absence Policies

• Student Leave Policy:
  • Students who are absent for any clinical sessions will be required to make-up that same number of missed sessions during the June or November block teaching period.
  • Arrangements should be made with the module co-ordinator to ensure appropriate clinical supervision and resources are available.
  • “For all unplanned sick/emergency leave please submit notification on the Notification of Absence form on OHCWA App – 2026 Dental School Handbook.
• Notification Requirements: If a student cannot attend or needs to depart from a compulsory activity, the student must promptly notify the appropriate staff and initiate leave application procedures as outlined in the UWA Dental School handbook.

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Notification of Absence

IMPORTANT: if you are already at the School attending any type of activity whether clinics/lectures/seminars/practicals and suddenly fall ill or need to take leave due to an emergency:

• Submit an online leave application through OHCWA App.
• Advise relevant staff including the Clinic Coordinators in person, if patient needs to be cancelled.
• Please advise all affected staff - clinic supervisors, unit coordinator/s, module coordinator/s and any other relevant staff. Please do this allowing sufficient time.
• If you are able, provide further information on arranging further appointments for these patients. This will also help although you can also arrange these on your return to duty.

Providing this data will ensure all administrative and clinical staff are notified of your absence and most importantly ensure no patients are inconvenienced.

How to Access the OHCWA App³

• Link: https://app.ohcwa.dental
• Access: Scan the QR code or visit the link on your device.
• Sign In: Use your Student/Staff number and password.
• New Users: If you are doing it for the first time, Sign Up first to create a new account using your Staff/Student #.

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DMD Student Leave Policy

DMD 3 Clinical Activity Type: Allowable Missed Session Limit (per semester)

• General clinic – Semester 1: 3 sessions
• General clinic – Semester 2: 4 sessions
• Specialist / other clinic placements: 1 session

Remediation: Students who exceed the allowable missed session limit, due to planned or unplanned leave, must contact the relevant Unit Coordinator to arrange a remediation plan, which must be documented in writing.

The Leave Policy is available on LMS Ultra under ‘Getting Started’ tab.

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Time Management

• Ongoing dilemma in dentistry is time management:
  • See more patients and do a little for more patients OR see less (one) patients and do more for that patient.
• Remember patients travel and give up time:
  • They want something done, but are mostly understanding of teaching procedures.

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Time Management Strategies

• Make maximum use of time.
• Learn how to be efficient.
• You have fixed number of sessions to achieve patient outcome.
• To start with, book one patient per session.

Booking Progression

Students will progress to booking two patients per session based on individual proficiency, typically by mid-semester or Semester 2. The goal is to maximize the value of each appointment and avoid sessions for minor tasks like charting alone.

• Time pressure points:
  • Tutors
  • DCA
  • Instruments/materials/equipment
  • Impressions/temporary

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Time Management: Booking Guidelines

• Initially: 1 patient per session.
• Eventually – 3.5-hour sessions book:
  • 2 patients (2 x 1h45min) for:
    • Exam/Review
    • Denture procedures
    • Perio/IPT/SPT
    • Simple restoration
  • 1 patient (1 x 3h30min) for ‘Complex’ procedures:
    • Crown/bridge
    • Endo
    • Difficult impression

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Time Management: Clinical Flow

• Simple treatment at start of session, complex procedures towards end of session.
• If run late (try not to!) then run late over lunch or to end of day.
• Ask tutor: Tell them early if you are running late/have more than one patient.
• Set realistic goals for time.
• If you run late, this is stressful for - Patients/tutors/DCA/you!

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Suggestions for helping with time management

• Preparation:
  • Know the procedure/materials inside out.
  • Discuss with tutor $\to$ ATS.
  • In advance: Know what instruments/materials/consumables/equipment (CAD-CAM carts) you will need for the appointment.
• Efficiency:
  • If waiting for tutor/DA: Can I do something else while waiting (if tutor gives permission).
  • Be fair to other students waiting as tutor will typically see students in sequence.
  • If URGENT/TIME SENSITIVE enquiry – interrupt tutor/DA politely.

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Unbooked sessions

• Every week – report of unfilled sessions.
• Reception team will book patients/reviews if sessions are unfilled.

Info

Students are expected to use unbooked time productively and work towards meeting compulsory restorative requirements by the end of DMD4.

• Make every effort to fill sessions.
• Working on multiple patients concurrently is part of clinical practice.
• Strategies to manage:
  • Excel
  • Wall chart
  • Logbook

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Clinical protocols - Patient fees

• DMD2: Patient did not pay for dental procedures.
• DMD3 and 4: All indirect procedures attract fees.
  • Co-payment 20% applied for all patients.
• Fee estimates through TOHM: Needs approval (signature) from patients before the start of the treatment.

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CoC & fees

• Action Items:
  • Close all CoC from DMD2 and other students.
  • Open a new CoC DMD3&4_80%.
  • You do not need to check the subsidy level.
• Rationale:
  • You now provide fee for service tx.
  • Real world practice.
  • Learn how to discuss financial considerations & how this affects:
    • tx plan
    • patient timing decisions and consent.

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Patient fees

• No treatment is provided for free:
  • DoH pays OHCWA & UWA for tx you provide with understanding this is for student training on eligible patients.
  • Ultimately the tax-payer pays for this.
• Terminology:
  • Please do not use the term “free treatment”.
  • Use: Zero co-payment or no patient co-payment.
  • Synonyms: government subsidised care, government pays.
• Clarification:
  • FEE: cost of tx without subsidy.
  • CO-PAYMENT: subsidised payment.

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Patient fees – communication strategies

• Remember - trainee health professional.
• You are not in sales.
• Discussing fees comes naturally for some & hard for others.
• Fortunately, most patients have been screened & aware there may be co-payments.

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Patient fees – communication strategies

• Fee Estimates: Ensure clear & correct fee estimate (“I will confirm with you over phone or at next visit”).
• Payment Schedule: Determine when fees/deposit paid

Indirect Procedure Payment Schedule

For procedures like crowns or dentures, patients must pay 50% of the total fee upfront before the work begins. The remaining 50% is due at the final issue/insert appointment.. - 50% co-payment at commencement of treatment. - 100% co-payment prior to insert. - In credit for amount estimated at insert – check TOHM.

• TOHM: Charge item codes on insert appt.

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Who zeroes co-payments

• Authorized Personnel: Academic staff and Clinic Coordinators.
• Process:
  1. Treatment plan/enter item number.
  2. Enter notes, check co-payment.
  3. Tutor Approve.
  4. Tick, but don’t charge!
  5. Logout.
  6. Tutor login to TOHM.
  7. Tutor go to your patient record, zeroes patient portion.
  8. Tutor to make a note the patient portion was zero’d & why.
  9. Tutor logout.
• If not sure, check with Clinic coordinators.

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PROCEDURE

Clinical Workflow Overview

• Before appt
  • ATS
  • Number of pt’s?
  • Check worksheets / tx plan
  • Form 26 – Sequence of treatment
• Procedure
  • Pt in chair
  • Medical Hx review
  • Steps/stages pre-approved procedures
  • Introduce tutors, DCA, other students
• After the appt
  • Check tutor before dismiss pt
  • Next appt 3 Ds (Date, Duration, Dentistry)
  • Steri/disinfect
  • TOHM Notes & charge
  • Remember BATCH labels
  • Finish Pebblepad Reflection & Grading

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PROCEDURE

Patient consent (eForm) and signed estimates.

Detailed Workflow Steps

Before appt

• ATS
• Number of pt’s?
• Check worksheets / tx plan
• Form 26 – Sequence of treatment
  • For complex cases, ensure a signed Form 26 is ready.

Procedure

• Pt in chair
• Medical Hx review
• Steps/stages pre-approved
• Introduce tutors, DCA, other students

After the appt

• Check tutor before dismiss pt
• Next appt 3 Ds:
  • Date
  • Duration
  • Dentistry
• Steri/disinfect
• TOHM Notes & charge
• Remember BATCH labels
• Finish Pebblepad Reflection & Grading

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PROCEDURE

After the Appt Checklist

• Check tutor before dismiss pt
• Next appt 3 Ds:
  • Date
  • Duration
  • Dentistry
• Steri/disinfect
• TOHM Notes & charge
• Remember BATCH labels
• Finish Pebblepad Reflection & Grading

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Records and Charging

• Medico-legal Requirements:
  • TOHM records are mandated by DBA and AHPRA.
  • Contemporaneous and accurate records are critical to good practice.
  • Protect you (staff and patients).
• Financial Sustainability: Accurate fees help to fund lab costs, ongoing running costs (lights, water, maintenance, etc), staff, equipment purchases.

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GRADING

• Platform: PebblePad.
• Purpose: Grading & feedback critical to reflection, learning, ongoing academic and clinical improvement.
• Requirements:
  • A PebblePad submission must be made for every clinical session.
  • Omitting a submission will result in a fail grade for that clinical session.
  • PebblePad must be submitted by 11.59pm on the same day of appointment.

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FEEDBACK

Student	Supervisor
Self assessment & reflection	What worked/went well Why that worked What did not work well Explain why
What areas/aspects could be improved Study more, be more prepared	Reinforces the positive Explores what did not work well and why
Supervisor and student develop a plan for the next steps: Avoid same mistakes, improve the quality of work, patient/student relationship, etc

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Treatment Plans

• Authorized treatment plans take the form of:
  • TOHM treatment plans and worksheets.
  • Patient consent – estimate form signed by patient.
  • Scanned written/typed treatment plan with signature (e.g Form 26 for indirect restorations).

Form 26 Requirement

The physical Form 26 must be present at every session for an indirect procedure to proceed.

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Treatment Plans

Indirect Procedure protocols

FORM 26 or equivalent: All indirect procedures (crowns, bridges, dentures, splints, etc) - Clinical and Laboratory steps.

• List of clinical & technical steps
• Materials
• Measurements
• Dimensions
• Denture design
• All clinical and laboratory stages must be tracked & authorised/signed.

Form 26 Indirect Restorative Procedure Outline				Use Patient Barcode Label
Clinician Signature:	Clinician ID: S-XXXX	Date:	Procedure: 47 SSB & GIC replacement with full coverage survey crown for potential future lower denture

Procedure description: Replacement of 47 SSB & GIC with full coverage zirconia crown

• Appointment 1: Tooth investigation. Determination of restorative design and material options.
  • Removal of SSB & Equia Forte GIC to assess remaining tooth structure and previous zirconia onlay tooth preparation.
  • Take intra-oral photos for TP and review.
  • Check periodontal and endodontic status: Probing and sensibility tests.
  • Take secondary impressions.
  • Temporise with size 13 SSB and Equia Forte GIC.
• Lab 1: Alginate pour ups and custom tray fabrication
  • Wax up of 47 to facilitate Putty Key temporary in appointment 2.
• Appointment 2: Tooth preparation.
  • Removal of SSB & Equia Forte GIC.
  • Prosthodontic reduction of tooth in relation to above guidelines (preserve buccal wall). Build composite base.
  • Take final impressions with custom tray. Register bite with RegiSeal.
  • Temporise with LuxaTemp. Check occlusion and fit.
• Lab 2: Submit final impressions for pour up in die stone, trim, pindex & base in buff stone
  • Submit with lab slip signed by GF tutor.
  • Articulate with bite reg.
• Appointment 3: Crown Try-in
  • Remove temporary crown: Check intra-oral fit (passive seating, marginal fit, stability, proximal & occlusal contacts) of crown.
  • Sandblast/Clean intra-oral surface of 47 crown with Aluminium oxide, clean w/ alcohol and dry w/ oil-free and water-free air + Apply resin cement (translucency + light cured) to internal surface of crown.
  • Apply RD. Clean prep thoroughly w/ pumice, water and air. Mix and apply bond to prep and wait 30s. Gently air dry.
  • Apply adequate Panavia to crown and sit crown firmly + remove excess cement + tac cure margins.
  • Remove RD and get pt to maintain bite for 3min. Check bite, fit and occlusion.
• Appointment 4: Review
  • 1 week post insert review. Photographs. Check occlusion, marginal fit & Interproximal regions.
  • Reassess gingival health.
• Appointment 5: Maintenance/3 month Review
  • Periodic recall appointment for maintenance, and review of 47 crown.
  • Check gingival health and fit of crown and adjacent teeth.

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Treatment Plans

Approval of CONTROL PHASE:

• Done by general tutors using the approval type ‘Work Sheet’.
• The treatment plan for the control phase can be changed by any clinical tutor if needed. For any change in the treatment plan, a new Work Sheet needs be signed by the tutor who proposed the alteration of the treatment plan.
• Students are not required to have all details of the reconstructive phase from the start, but they need a concept as to where the patient is proceeding towards to ensure unnecessary procedures are not commenced in the control phase.

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Treatment Plans

Approval of RECONSTRUCTIVE PHASE:

• Treatment Planning sessions for DMD3 will now be run by the DMD clinic coordinators. They may also be available one-on-one meetings for patient management and TP.
• The approval type ‘Treatment Plan’ on Titanium should be used for the approval of the reconstructive phase.
• TPs do not have to be done in clinic only.

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Logbooks

• Electronic format.
• Submit to LMS, every month.
• Tracks student’s patient progress and log of clinical work.

Info

The purpose is to ensure students meet the "minimum threshold" and "desired targets" for restorations. Logbooks also help coordinators identify students who need more patients or specific procedures to ensure cohort equity.

• Video of how to fill in logbook is on LMS, will discuss in more detail on Thursday PM.

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Extraction Clinic

• Location: Clinic 5 (first floor).
• Clinic Supervisor: Dr Richard Hague

Info

Extraction procedures are shared between DMD3 and DMD4 students to ensure all students gain equal exposure..

• Booking: All planned extractions are to be booked into Exo clinic in Clinic 5.
• Approval: Patients who meet the criteria can be booked in the Exo clinic after the approval of the treatment plan (ALL extractions must be approved before booking the patient in for extraction).
• Clinician: Patients may or may not see their usual student clinician depending on the roster (Reception is authorised to book patients into Exo clinic based on student’s requests).
• Emergency Extractions: Extractions for emergency patients in pain may be referred to the Extraction Clinic on the day they present to the emergency clinic (or CC) by contacting Dr Grady on the first floor to see whether the patient can be admitted to the Extraction Clinic on the day.

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Extraction Clinic

Patient Selection Criteria

All patients need to meet the criteria below to have the extraction done by DMD students:

1. Patients on warfarin must have their INR checked within 24 hours prior to the extraction. Patient to bring their INR results to the appointment.
2. No patients requiring sedation.
3. No patients requiring AB cover.
4. No impacted teeth.
5. No patients on anti-resorptive (e.g. Bisphosphonates or Prolia).
6. No patients on immunosuppressants (e.g. Azathioprine or Methotrexate).
7. No patients who have had previous RT to the head and neck.
8. No patients on DUAL anti-platelets (e.g. Aspirin and Clopidogrel).
9. It is OK to book patients on a single anti-platelet or the new anti-coagulant (Aspirin OR on NOAC).
10. Do NOT book for extraction of > 3 teeth at any one time.

• Referrals: If the patients do not meet the criteria, they can be referred to Oral Surgery in EBlock: add a new waitlist entry on TOHM under Oral Surgery and add ‘Referral To Specialist’ in the Course of Care.

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Extraction Clinic

Extractions & Prosthodontics

• Bridge Sectioning: If bridge sectioning is required before extraction(s), ensure time is allocated:
  • Option 1: Sectioning in morning CC session, extraction in afternoon Exo clinic.
  • Option 2: Sectioning in early normal CC session (8:15AM or 12:45PM), extraction later (10:30AM or 2:30PM) in Exo clinic.
• Capacity: Each chair in Exo clinic can accommodate two patients (12:45-2:30 PM and 2:30-4:15PM), if needed.
• Immediate Dentures: Can be inserted in Exo clinic, but review appts will be organised by usual student clinician in CC session.
• Approval: Extractions for immediate dentures need to be approved when the Reconstructive treatment plan is signed off during the tx planning stage.

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Emergency Clinic

• Staffing: 2 x DMD3 and 2 x DMD4

Info

• The Emergency Clinic is located in Clinic 1.
• Students will rotate between performing the procedure and assisting another student during the session.. - 1 student clinician, 1 student to assist – rotate. - DMD3 assist DMD4 or vice versa.

• Volume: 2 patients per sessions usually.
• Supervision: 1 dedicated supervising tutor.
• Workflow: Emergency treatment then return to ongoing clinician or WL (offer student treatment).
  • Diagnosis is critical $\to$ knowledge $\to$ read and be prepared!
  • Extractions (simple).

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Emergency Clinic

Emergency Phase Definitions

• “Life threatening”
• Prevent normal function
• Swelling, pain, bleeding, or infection

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Emergency Clinic

Emergency Phase Management

• Tentative diagnosis, differentials in mind.
• Toothache most common.
• Relief of pain and discomfort. Active dental treatment, sometimes associated with medication:
  • Antibiotics
  • Analgesics
• Resolve short term aesthetic/functional problem:
  • Chipped/broken/missing front tooth.
  • Cracked/sharp cusp/restoration.
  • Lost restoration.
  • Food impaction.
  • Denture problems.

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Emergency Clinic

Decision making in emergency phase

• Frequently coincides with first time you see patient.
• Still building rapport.
• Conservative treatment aimed at managing symptoms and limiting spread of disease.
• Consider diagnosis very carefully before proceeding with irreversible treatment:
  • Extraction
  • Pulp extirpation
• Diagnosis: Recognise severity, right site, right tooth, right tissue.
• Consent, consent, consent!!!!

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Screening Clinic

• Purpose: Triage.
• Overriding question: “Would I see this patient?”
• Determine suitability: For students, general dentist or specialist WL.
• Appointments: 45 mins appts.
• Suitability Factors:
  • Medical history.
  • Ambulatory/mobility.
  • Case complexity.
• Availability.
• System: TOHM WL/Academic management module

Info

Suitable patients are added to a patient 'bank' for future allocation to students based on their specific procedural needs. .

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Questions?

Health Centre of Western Australia

Contact Information

Questions?

If you have any questions regarding the information provided or your upcoming appointment, please do not hesitate to contact our administration team.

Tip

Further details regarding logbooks and case presentations will be covered in the upcoming session on Thursday. Students are encouraged to be proactive in seeking verbal feedback during clinic sessions.

Footnotes

1. Original PDF page 1: Introduction to DENT5310 CDP module 2026, p.1 ↩

2. Original PDF page 2: Introduction to DENT5310 CDP module 2026, p.2 ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³ ↩¹⁴ ↩¹⁵ ↩¹⁶ ↩¹⁷ ↩¹⁸ ↩¹⁹ ↩²⁰ ↩²¹ ↩²² ↩²³ ↩²⁴ ↩²⁵ ↩²⁶ ↩²⁷ ↩²⁸ ↩²⁹ ↩³⁰ ↩³¹ ↩³² ↩³³ ↩³⁴ ↩³⁵ ↩³⁶ ↩³⁷ ↩³⁸ ↩³⁹ ↩⁴⁰ ↩⁴¹ ↩⁴² ↩⁴³ ↩⁴⁴ ↩⁴⁵ ↩⁴⁶ ↩⁴⁷

3. Original PDF page 16: Introduction to DENT5310 CDP module 2026, p.16 ↩