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Cawson's Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine E-Book Annotations

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Cawson’s Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine E-Book Annotations

Cawson’s Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine E-Book TOC

3 Disorders of development

Clefts of lip or palate > Cleft lip and cleft palate

  • p. 45: CLEFTS OF LIP OR PALATE
  • p. 45: with or without cleft palate, are genetically distinct conditions.
  • p. 45: Bifid uvula

8 Infections of the jaws

Alveolar osteitis > Treatment

  • p. 120: ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS
  • p. 120: rom a focus of infectio
  • p. 120: he jaws are resistant to osteomyelitis, and most patients have a predisposing cause.

Acute osteomyelitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 13.1 pp. 79, 222 > Complications and resolution

  • p. 122: CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS

Chronic osteomyelitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 13.1 pp. 79, 222 > Pathology

  • p. 123: DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS

Chronic low-grade focal osteomyelitis and sclerosing osteitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1, 13.1 and 12.2 pp. 79, 222, 203

  • p. 124: computed tomography (CT). Sclerosing osteitis is a term given to a localised area of sclerosis without evidence of infection. These are probably a reaction to inflammation rather than infection and are frequently seen around the roots of non-vital teeth
  • p. 124: CHRONIC LOW-GRADE FOCAL OSTEOMYELITIS AND SCLEROSING OSTEITIS
  • p. 124: Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis is commoner in the young because their bone is better vascularised and produces more reactive bone deposition around the infection

9 Major infections of the mouth and face

Actinomycosis > Pathology

10 Cysts in and around the jaws

Classification of cysts

  • p. 139: CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS
  • p. 139: Odontogenic cysts are lined by odontogenic epithelium derived from the
  • p. 139: This epithelium originates by proliferation of rests of Serres, reduced enamel epithelium or rests of Malassez.

Common features of jaw cysts

  • p. 140: Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanism of cyst growth in almost all cysts. The luminal contents are under pressure for a variety of reasons. There is poor lymphatic drainage from the cavity, the wall and lining have partial properties of a semipermeable membrane and the lumen contains many degraded inflammatory proteins and dead lining cells. These and other factors produce an osmotic pressure that expands the cyst.

Odontogenic cysts > Radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 > Clinical features

Odontogenic cysts > Radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 > Radiography

  • p. 143: Box 10.7 Radicular cyst: key features • Form in bone in relation to the root of a non-vital tooth • Arise by epithelial proliferation in an apical granuloma • Are usually asymptomatic unless infected or large • Diagnosis is by the combination of radiographic appearances, a non-vital tooth and appropriate histological appearances • Clinical and radiographic features are usually adequate for planning treatment • Do not recur after enucleation • Residual cysts are radicular cysts that remain after the causative tooth has been extracted • Cholesterol crystals often seen in the cyst fluid but are not specific to radicular cysts
  • p. 143: Pathogenesis

Odontogenic cysts > Radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 > Lateral radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163

Odontogenic cysts > Dentigerous cysts ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 > Clinical features

Odontogenic cysts > Dentigerous cysts ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 > Differential diagnosis

Odontogenic cysts > Odontogenic keratocyst ➔ Summary charts 10.1 and 10.2 pp. 163, 164 > Clinical features

  • p. 149: Box 10.8 Dentigerous cyst: key features • Arise in bone and contain the crown of an unerupted tooth, which is usually displaced • Are most frequently associated with unerupted third molars and canines • Clinical and radiographic features usually provide an accurate preoperative diagnosis but confirmation is histological • May be mistaken radiographically for an odontogenic keratocyst or ameloblastoma • Respond to enucleation or marsupialisation and do not recur after treatment
  • p. 149: ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST
  • p. 149: The name of this cyst indicates that its epithelial lining keratinises, but this alone is not specific. Another less common cyst, the orthokeratinising odontogenic cyst, also has this feature, and minor focal keratinisation can be seen in other odontogenic cysts.
  • p. 149: Definition The odontogenic keratocyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst with a tendency to recur, characterised by a histological appearance of parakeratinised lining epithelium with palisaded ameloblast-like basal cells.
  • p. 149: Radiography
  • p. 149: Table 10.1 The two types of odontogenic cysts that keratinise

Odontogenic cysts > Odontogenic keratocyst ➔ Summary charts 10.1 and 10.2 pp. 163, 164 > Pathogenesis

  • p. 150: ocysts being large at time of discovery. Pathogenesis

Odontogenic cysts > Odontogenic keratocyst ➔ Summary charts 10.1 and 10.2 pp. 163, 164 > Histopathology

  • p. 151: Typical histological features of odontogenic keratocyst

Odontogenic cysts > Odontogenic keratocyst ➔ Summary charts 10.1 and 10.2 pp. 163, 164 > Basal cell naevus syndrome

  • p. 153: Basal cell naevus syndrome

Odontogenic cysts > Lateral periodontal cysts > Botryoid odontogenic cysts

  • p. 155: LATERAL PERIODONTAL CYSTS

Odontogenic cysts > Carcinoma arising in odontogenic cysts

  • p. 157: GINGIVAL CYST OF THE NEWBORN

Odontogenic cysts > Gingival cyst of the newborn > Epstein’s pearls

  • p. 158: GINGIVAL CYST OF ADULTS Gingival cysts in adults are rare and present
  • p. 158: NON-ODONTOGENIC CYSTS
  • p. 158: NASOPALATINE DUCT OR INCISIVE CANAL CYST

Non-odontogenic cysts > Nasolabial cyst

Benign mesenchymal tumours > Odontogenic myxoma ➔ Summary chart 10.2 p. 164 > Normal dental follicle

  • p. 178: CEMENTOBLASTOMA
  • p. 178: Odontogenic myxoma: key features

Fibroosseous odontogenic lesions > Malignant odontogenic tumours

  • p. 183: MALIGNANT ODONTOGENIC TUMOURS

13 Genetic, metabolic and other non-neoplastic bone diseases

Fibro-osseous lesions > Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

Bone ‘cysts’ > Solitary bone cyst ➔ Summary charts 10.1 and 10.2 pp. 163, 164 > Management

  • p. 220: Aneurysmal bone ‘cyst’

15 Diseases of the oral mucosa

Primary herpetic stomatitis ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 > Clinical features

  • p. 235: HERPESVIRUS DISEASES
  • p. 235: Diseases of the oral mucosa: mucosal infections
  • p. 235: PRIMARY HERPETIC STOMATITIS

Primary herpetic stomatitis ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 > Pathology

  • p. 236: Table 15.2 Herpesvirus diseases relevant to dentistry

Primary herpetic stomatitis ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 > Latency

Herpes labialis ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 > Herpetic whitlow

  • p. 239: HERPES ZOSTER OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE

Tuberculosis > Pathology

Candidosis > Thrush ➔ Summary chart 15.1 and 19.1 pp. 252, 314 > Clinical features

  • p. 244: CANDIDOSIS Candidosis* is caused
  • p. 244: There are various classifications of candidosis, but in reality these diseases merge into one another and can coexist. Thus, infection causes a spectrum of presentations, rather than many diseases (Box 15.5). The commonest forms are thrush, chronic hyperplastic candidosis and denture stomatitis. Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis is discussed later in this chapter and in
  • p. 244: reality these diseases merge into one another and can coexist. Thus, infection causes a spectrum of presentations, rather than many diseases (Box 15.5). The commonest forms are thrush, chronic hyperplastic candidosis and denture stomatitis. Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis is discussed later in this chapter and in
  • p. 244: Thrush

Candidosis > Angular cheilitis ➔ Summary chart 15.1 p. 252 > Management

  • p. 246: Acute antibiotic stomatitis
  • p. 246: Angular cheilitis

18 Benign chronic white mucosal lesions

Leukoplakia

  • p. 291: FORDYCE SPOTS
  • p. 291: Benign chronic white mucosal lesions
  • p. 291: Important causes of benign mucosal white lesions

Frictional keratosis ➔ Summary charts 19.1 and 19.2 pp. 314, 315 > Diagnosis and management

Stomatitis nicotina ➔ Summary chart 19.1 p. 314 > Clinical features

Oral hairy leukoplakia ➔ Summary chart 19.2 p. 315 > Clinical features

  • p. 294: ORAL HAIRY LEUKOPLAKIA

White sponge naevus ➔ Summary chart 19.2 p. 315 > Clinical features

White sponge naevus ➔ Summary chart 19.2 p. 315 > Management

19 Potentially malignant disorders

Terminology

  • p. 299: Terminology
  • p. 299: Potentially malignant disorders

Lupus erythematosus

  • p. 306: HPV-ASSOCIATED DYSPLASIA

Management of potentially malignant disorders > Risk assessment > Dysplasia grading

  • p. 309: loss of cohesion
  • p. 309: Dysplasia grading Epithelial dysplasia is th

20 Oral cancer

Epidemiology > Age and gender incidence

Aetiology > Tobacco use > Cigarette smoking

  • p. 318: Box 20.2 Possible aetiological factors for oral cancer

Pathology > Oral carcinoma histopathology

  • p. 322: Table 20.2 Clinical features of oral squamous carcinoma
  • p. 322: Oral carcinoma histopathology

Pathology > Local spread

  • p. 323: malignancy: large and irregularly shaped nuclei, darkly stained nuclei (hyperchromatism), frequent and sometimes abnormal mitoses (Fig. 20.11). These are essentially the same cytological changes as are seen in dysplastic epithelium (Table 19.3); only invasion differentiates the two processes. Squamous carcinoma is graded according to its degree of differentiation, the degree to which the malignant cells differentiate to form prickle cells and keratin. In welldifferentiated tumours, the cells have cytoplasm that stains palely with eosin or may form concentric layers of keratin (cell nests or keratin pearls; Fig. 20.12). In poorly differentiated tumours, the cells tend to be more irregular and darkly staining and show little evidence of prickle cell differentiation or keratinisation. In the most poorly differentiated carcinomas, the cells have little cytoplasm and may not be recognisable as epithelial cells by routine microscopy (Fig. 20.13). Poorly differentiated carcinomas tend to infiltrate more widely at an early stage, are more likely to metastasise and carry a poorer prognosis. The m

Pathology > Site variation > Alveolar ridge and gingiva

Management > Treatment

  • p. 327: he UK patient ‘pathway’ for oral squamous carcinoma
  • p. 328: Table 20.4 Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) staging for oral carcinoma.

Management > Treatment > Management of the neck

  • p. 329: Management of the neck

24 Benign mucosal swellings

Papillomas ➔ Summary chart 24.1 p. 372 > Squamous cell papilloma

  • p. 374: Infective warts (verruca vulgaris)

Verruciform xanthoma > Pathology

  • p. 375: VERRUCIFORM XANTHOMA

26 Oral pigmented lesions

Diffuse mucosal pigmentation ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390

Localised melanin pigmentation ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 > Physiological pigmentation

  • p. 384: Oral melanocytic naev
  • p. 384: Acquired melanocytic naevi are otherwise known as moles. These are common developmental conditions in which melanocytes proliferate and form a mass between the epithelium and connective tissue (melanocytes outside the epithelium are called naevus cells).
  • p. 384: Blue naevus
  • p. 384: They are almost always on the palate of children or young adults
  • p. 384: Congenital naevi cannot be distingu
  • p. 384: Physiological pigmentation
  • p. 384: This is the most common cause of oral pigmentation. The gingivae are particularly affected (Fig. 26.2). The inner aspect of the lips is typically spared
  • p. 384: Melanotic macules
  • p. 384: Gingiva, buccal mucosa and palate are the favoured sites (Fig. 26.3). The lesions are completely benign. However, as the appearance is indistinguishable from early melanoma and because they are infrequent, they are usually excised for confirmation of diagnosis unless a long history is obtained.
  • p. 384: Oral melanotic macules associated with HIV infection
  • p. 384: Oral and labial melanotic macules may develop in as many as 6% of patients with HIV infection, approximately twice the frequency seen in HIV-negative persons
  • p. 384: Excision biopsy of melanotic macules is necessary for diagnosis. Unlike those in HIV-negative persons, these macules are more likely to enlarge and to

Localised melanin pigmentation ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 > Syndromes with oral pigmentation ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 > Peutz–Jeghers syndrome

  • p. 385: Peutz–Jeghers syndrome

Localised melanin pigmentation ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 > Syndromes with oral pigmentation ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 > Other syndromes with pigmentation

  • p. 386: Amalgam and other tattoos

Melanoma ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 > Clinical

Melanoma ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 > Treatment

  • p. 390: SECTION 390 Soft tissue disease Summary chart 26.1 The common causes of oral pigmented lesions.

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