Pediatric Important Numbers

How to use this note

A quick-reference consolidation of every quantitative fact from the DMD3S1 Pediatric Dentistry lectures and workshops, ordered by exam priority: 1) caries statistics → 2) local anaesthesia → 3) medications → 4) other statistics.

• Every figure links to its source lecture via wikilink.
• Where a figure comes from an in-lecture paper, that paper is named in plain text in the Paper column (these are not vault notes). — = stated by the lecturer without a cited source.
• Drug doses cross-reference [[R1 Antibiotic Selection Table]] for penicillin-allergy tiers.

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1. Caries Statistics

Highest-yield caries figures

= Primary→permanent caries risk ≈ 3× (RR 2.6). MIH ≈ 1 in 7 children; HSPM ≈ 1 in 10.

Caries risk, detection & ICDAS

Statistic	Figure	Source Lecture	In-lecture Paper
Moderate caries-risk threshold	1–2 new lesions/year	L1 The Paediatric Clinical examination LMS	—
High caries-risk threshold	≥3 new lesions/year	L1 The Paediatric Clinical examination LMS	—
Bitewing = gold standard for caries; film size for young child	Size 0	L1 The Paediatric Clinical examination LMS	—
Occlusal lesions detected by bitewing (sensitivity)	~33%	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
ICDAS second-digit severity range	0–6	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
ICDAS codes favouring preventive/microinvasive care	0–4	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
ICDAS codes indicating operative treatment	5–6	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
ICDAS threshold used in epidemiological/field surveys	3+	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—

ICDAS code key (second digit): 0 sound · 1 first visual change (after drying / in pit-fissure) · 2 distinct change visible when wet · 3 localised enamel breakdown / microcavitation, no dentine · 4 dark dentine shadow ± enamel breakdown · 5 distinct cavity, dentine visible, <½ surface · 6 extensive cavity, dentine visible, >½ surface. — W1 ICDAS and intro to caries

Fluoride

Statistic	Figure	Source Lecture	In-lecture Paper
Recommended fluoride toothpaste (prevention & sensitivity)	1000 ppm	L5 MIH and HSPM, W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
Commercial “3–5 year” children’s pastes (often only)	500 ppm	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
Toothbrushing frequency	Twice daily	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—

Caries as a predictor / progression

Statistic	Figure	Source Lecture	In-lecture Paper
Children with MIH — odds of DMFT > 0 vs non-MIH	5.89× (95% CI 2.69–12.88; P<0.05)	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	Americano et al. 2016
Primary tooth with proximal caries → caries on adjacent proximal surface	69%	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	Dean et al. 1997
Proximal lesion in one quadrant → another primary-molar proximal lesion in a different quadrant	89%	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	Dean et al. 1997
Caries in primary teeth → relative likelihood of permanent-tooth caries	≈3× (RR 2.6; 95% CI 1.4–4.7)	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	Li and Wang 2002
Predictive value of primary-molar caries for permanent-dentition caries	85.4% (highest)	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	Li and Wang 2002
↑ risk of mesial caries on first permanent molar from distal caries on second primary molar	15×	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—

Note: [[W3 Extra information]] (caries-prediction workshop handout) is the in-vault source for the Americano, Dean, and Li & Wang figures above.

MIH prevalence (developmental, caries-relevant)

Statistic	Figure	Source Lecture	In-lecture Paper
MIH prevalence (population-dependent)	3% – 25%	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
MIH worldwide range	2.4% – 40.2%	L5 MIH and HSPM	Jälevik, 2010
MIH prevalence — Australia	22% – 44%	L5 MIH and HSPM	Arrow et al. 2008; Balmer et al. 2005
MIH prevalence — New Zealand	14.9% – 18.8%	L5 MIH and HSPM	Mahoney & Morrison, 2009/2011
Pooled global MIH prevalence (meta-analysis, 70 studies)	14.2% (≈1 in 7)	L5 MIH and HSPM	Zhao et al. 2018
MIH — males / females	14.3% / 14.4% (NS)	L5 MIH and HSPM	Zhao et al. 2018
MIH — ≤10 yrs / >10 yrs	15.1% / 12.1%	L5 MIH and HSPM	Zhao et al. 2018
MIH — South America / Spain (highest)	18.0% / 21.1%	L5 MIH and HSPM	Zhao et al. 2018

HSPM prevalence & link to MIH

Statistic	Figure	Source Lecture	In-lecture Paper
HSPM global prevalence	≈10% (range 5–15%)	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
HSPM prevalence — Australia	14%	L5 MIH and HSPM	Owen et al. 2017
HSPM as predictor of MIH (odds ratio)	4.66 (up to 6× in some studies)	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
HSPM–MIH co-occurrence	~20%	L5 MIH and HSPM	Garot et al. 2018
Child with HSPM → ↑ risk of similar permanent-dentition defects	2.4 – 10×	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—

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2. Local Anaesthesia

Highest-yield LA figures

==Lignocaine & Articaine max = 7 mg/kg; Bupivacaine max = 2 mg/kg.== Australian carpule = 2.2 mL. ==2% solution = 20 mg/mL; 4% = 40 mg/mL.==

Agents

Agent	Concentration	Vasoconstrictor	Max dose	Notes	Source	Paper
Lignocaine	2% (= 20 mg/mL)	Adrenaline 1:80,000	7 mg/kg	Standard agent; acidic infected tissue slows onset/shortens action	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Articaine	4% (= 40 mg/mL)	Adrenaline 1:100,000	7 mg/kg	effective mandibular infiltration, short onset; 1:80,000 better haemostasis than 1:100,000	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry, W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
Bupivacaine	0.5%	Adrenaline 1:200,000	2 mg/kg	Long-acting: ~6 h pulpal, 9–12 h soft tissue → ↑ self-injury risk in children	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Topical lignocaine	2–5% gel / 5% adhesive vs 10% ointment	—	(verify product)	Dwell ~2 min, then wipe with damp gauze; verify concentration	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—

Dose calculation & technique

Parameter	Figure	Source	Paper
Percentage → mg/mL conversion	1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL (so 2% = 20 mg/mL, 4% = 40 mg/mL)	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Carpule volume (Australia standard)	2.2 mL (intl. often 1.8 mL or 1.7 mL)	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
2% lignocaine content per carpule	2.2 mL → 44 mg · 1.8 mL → 36 mg · 1.7 mL → 34 mg	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Worked max dose, 25 kg child (2% lignocaine)	7 × 25 = 175 mg = 8.75 mL ≈ 3.9 carpules	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Worked max dose, 18 kg child (4% articaine)	7 × 18 = 126 mg = 3.15 mL ≈ 1.4 carpules	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
IANB depth to bony contact	~20 mm	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Needle gauge for IANB	27–30 G (short needle in children)	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Staged injection volume	½ carpule initially, re-inject only if inadequate	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—

Note: the 18 kg articaine worked example is sourced from the W3 abscess workshop case ([[W3 Case 2_integrated]]).

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3. Medications — Dosages & Timings

Highest-yield drug doses

Penicillin V / Amoxycillin / Cephalexin: 12.5 mg/kg (max 500 mg). Clindamycin 7.5 mg/kg (max 300 mg); Metronidazole 10 mg/kg (max 400 mg). Paracetamol 15 mg/kg (max 4 g/day); Ibuprofen 5–10 mg/kg (max 2400 mg/day).

Antibiotics — odontogenic infection (all oral, 5-day course)

See [[R1 Antibiotic Selection Table]] for the penicillin-allergy tier list.

Drug	Used For (Condition)	Dose	Frequency / Duration	Source	Paper
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Pen V)	Odontogenic infection — drug of first choice	12.5 mg/kg up to 500 mg	6-hourly × 5 days (1 h before / 2 h after meals)	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Amoxycillin	Odontogenic infection	12.5 mg/kg up to 500 mg	8-hourly × 5 days	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Cephalexin	Odontogenic infection (penicillin-sensitive alternative)	12.5 mg/kg up to 500 mg	8-hourly × 5 days	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Clindamycin	Odontogenic infection — first choice if penicillin-allergic	7.5 mg/kg up to 300 mg	8-hourly × 5 days	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Metronidazole	Spreading / anaerobic infection (supplements penicillin or clindamycin)	10 mg/kg up to 400 mg	12-hourly × 5 days; avoid alcohol 24 h after course (adults)	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—

Suspension concentrations to specify on the script: Pen V 125 / 150 / 250 mg per 5 mL · Amoxycillin 100 mg/mL, 125 / 250 / 500 mg per 5 mL · Cephalexin 125 / 250 mg per 5 mL · Clindamycin 150 mg caps · Metronidazole 200 mg/5 mL (40 mg/mL). — L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry

Analgesics

Drug	Used For (Condition)	Dose	Frequency / Duration	Source	Paper
Paracetamol	Post-op / dental pain & fever — first line	15 mg/kg (max 1 g/dose)	4–6-hourly, max 4 g/day; conc. 120 mg/5 mL (24 mg/mL)	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	—
Ibuprofen	Post-op / dental pain — first line (anti-inflammatory)	5–10 mg/kg	6–8-hourly, max 2400 mg/day; conc. 100 mg/5 mL; ≤3 days without review	L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry	Kent et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(3):255-67

Analgesic age restrictions

• Codeine: not in children <12 yrs; also contraindicated 12–18 yrs after tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy. Rescheduled to S4 (prescription-only) on 1 Feb 2018. — Pediatrics. 2016;138(4):e20162396
• Aspirin: banned <16 yrs (Reye syndrome). — Glasgow JF, Drug Saf 2002; Schrör K, BMJ 2002; Macdonald S, BMJ 2002

Orofacial infection medications

Drug	Used For (Condition)	Dose	Frequency / Duration	Source	Paper
Aciclovir (PO)	Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (HSV) — antiviral	20 mg/kg	5×/day; within first 72–96 h (prodromal phase); limited evidence <2 yrs	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Aciclovir (IV)	Severe / immunocompromised HSV	10 mg/kg	IV	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Chlorhexidine 0.2% (swab)	Herpetic gingivostomatitis — severe ulceration, young children	0.2% on cotton wool	Over affected areas	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Chlorhexidine 0.2% (mouthwash)	Herpetic gingivostomatitis — older children	0.2%, 10 mL	Every 4 h	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Chlorhexidine gel	Post-trauma (concussion/subluxation) oral hygiene	Finger/brush application	First week only, then brush alternate days	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Difflam C (benzydamine + chlorhexidine)	Herpetic gingivostomatitis — combination rinse	Benzydamine 0.15% + chlorhexidine 0.12%	—	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Tetracycline / minocycline mouthwash	Herpetic gingivostomatitis — children >12 yrs	—	—	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Varicella antivirals (aciclovir/valaciclovir/famciclovir)	Varicella (chickenpox)	—	Most effective within 24 h of rash onset	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Paracetamol	Herpetic gingivostomatitis — pain/fever	15 mg/kg	Every 4–6 h	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—

Topical anaesthetic cautions (infection setting)

• Viscous lidocaine 2% — not recommended (systemic overdose; child cannot spit).
• Benzocaine gel — avoid <6 yrs (methaemoglobinaemia risk). — L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry

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4. Other Statistics

Tooth-number & size anomalies (prevalence)

Statistic	Figure	Source	Paper
Hyperdontia — primary / permanent dentition	0.2–0.8% / 0.5–3.5%	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Garvey et al. 1999; Sasaki et al. 2007; Ferrés-Padró et al. 2009; Kaya et al. 2011
Hyperdontia — true prevalence may reach	10% (many unerupted)	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	—
Hyperdontia — M:F ratio	1.18:1 (up to 2:1)	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Brook 1984; Fernandez Montenegro et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2007
Dentigerous cyst risk from supernumerary	~10% (3rd–4th decade)	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	—
Recommended supernumerary removal age	Before age 7	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Omer, 2010
Hypodontia (def.) / Oligodontia (def.)	<6 / ≥6 missing teeth	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	—
Hypodontia severity — mild/moderate/severe	1–2 / 3–5 / ≥6 teeth	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Goodman 1994; Dhanrajjani 2002; Jones 2009
WA referral to Perth Children’s Hospital	≥10 missing permanent (excl. 3rd molars)	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	—
Hypodontia — primary / permanent (Caucasian)	0.1–4.1% / 4–6%	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Saito 1959; Brook 1974; Tongkoom 1994; Niswander & Sujaku 1983; Tsai 1996
Hypodontia — F:M ratio (permanent)	3:2	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Nunn 2003; Larmour 2005
Hypodontia — maxilla / mandible distribution	53.2% / 46.8%	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	—
Most-common missing teeth — mand. 2nd premolar / max. lateral incisor / max. 2nd premolar	29.9% / 24.3% / 13.7%	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Khalaf et al. 2014
Hypodontia — a major feature of	>50 syndromes	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	—
Microdontia — primary / permanent	0.5–6.3% / 1.9–6.9%	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Brook 1974; Ooshima et al. 1996; Tsai 1996; Aldred et al. 2012
Macrodontia — threshold / primary / permanent	1 mm larger / 0–2.3% / 1.1–3.6%	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Chaudhary et al. 1997; Brook 1974; Tsai 1996

Tooth-shape anomalies (prevalence)

Statistic	Figure	Source	Paper
Double tooth — primary / permanent	0.1–3.0% / 0.1–0.8%	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Brook 1974; Buenviaje 1984; Cheng 2003; Sekerci et al. 2011; Chung et al. 1972; Tsai 1996
Talon cusp — primary / permanent	0.5–0.6% / 1–2.5%	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Chen 1986; Ooshima et al. 1996; Liu 1996; Mavrodisz et al. 2003; King et al. 2010
Talon cusp — M:F ratio	1.9:1	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Lee et al. 2007
Talon cusp on primary max. incisors — prevalence / associated with other anomalies / supernumerary elsewhere	~3% / 80% / 60%	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	—
Talon-cusp gradual reduction	Over 2–3 appointments (tertiary dentine between)	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	—
Lee 2007 — central incisor successors with no abnormality / lateral incisor cases with abnormality	32/35 (91.4%) / 18/23 (78.3%)	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Lee CK et al., Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007
Dens evaginatus — prevalence / most-commonly identified age	0.1–4.7% / 10–13 yrs	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	—
Dens evaginatus — Oehlers pulp content (wide/narrow/constricted/isolated/none)	34% / 22% / 14% / 20% / 10%	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Oehlers, 1967
Dens invaginatus — primary / permanent	0.1% / 0.2–10.0%	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Brook, 1974

Tooth anomaly — most-affected tooth & dentition

Quick rule

Number & size anomalies (hyperdontia, hypodontia, microdontia, macrodontia) are all more common in the permanent dentition. Among shape anomalies, only double tooth favours primary; talon cusp, dens evaginatus & dens invaginatus favour permanent.

Anomaly	Most-likely affected tooth	More common in	Source	Paper
Hyperdontia (supernumerary)	Mesiodens (anterior maxillary midline) — most common type; region order: maxillary incisor > mandibular premolar > maxillary molar	Permanent (0.5–3.5% vs 0.2–0.8%)	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Grahnen & Lindahl 1961; King et al. 1993
Hypodontia	Mandibular 2nd premolar (29.9% — most common overall), then maxillary lateral incisor (24.3%) & 3rd molars (“last tooth in each field”, Butler); maxilla 53.2% > mandible 46.8%	Permanent (4–6% Caucasian vs 0.1–4.1%)	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Khalaf et al. 2014; Butler 1939
Microdontia	Maxillary lateral incisor (peg lateral); maxillary > mandibular	Permanent (1.9–6.9% vs 0.5–6.3%)	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Brook 1974; Ooshima et al. 1996
Macrodontia	Incisors & canines (isolated, most frequent); also mandibular premolars/molars & 3rd molars	Permanent (1.1–3.6% vs 0–2.3%)	L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1	Brook 1974; Tsai 1996
Double tooth (umbrella)	Incisor & canine region; more common in maxilla	Primary (0.1–3.0% vs 0.1–0.8%)	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Brook 1974; Buenviaje 1984; Cheng 2003
→ Fusion	Incisors/canines, maxilla (reduced tooth count in quadrant)	Primary	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	—
→ Gemination	Maxilla; presents as a macrodont in permanent (normal tooth count)	Primary	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Ravn 1971; Kelly 1978
Concrescence	Union at root/cementum level (specific tooth not stated; classically maxillary molars)	Not specified in lecture	L4 Dental Anomalies	—
Talon cusp	Maxillary anterior — incisors (esp. lateral) & canines, palatal surface	Permanent (1–2.5% vs 0.5–0.6%)	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Ooshima et al. 1996; King et al. 2010
Dens evaginatus	Premolars (rarely canines/molars); marked mandibular predominance; bilateral	Permanent (“mostly permanent teeth”)	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Lau 1955; Oehlers 1967
Dens invaginatus	Maxillary lateral incisor (most common); primary: canine, max. central incisor, mand. 2nd molar	Permanent (0.2–10.0% vs 0.1%)	L4 Dental Anomalies, L4 Dental Anomalies 2	Brook 1974

MIH / HSPM — composition & burden (non-prevalence)

Statistic	Figure	Source	Paper
Age for accurate MIH assessment	6–7 yrs (all FPMs + incisors erupted)	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
Protein content — brown enamel vs sound	15–21× higher	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
Protein content — white/yellow enamel vs sound	~8× higher	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
Transverse microradiography density — brown / yellow / white / unaffected	1.79 / 2.21 / 2.43 / 2.46 g/cm³	L5 MIH and HSPM	Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2017
MIH molars affected (range)	1 to 4	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
By age 18, MIH patients underwent FPM treatment	4.2× more often than controls	L5 MIH and HSPM	Jälevik & Klingberg 2012
Restorative burden avoided by timely extraction	50–60 yrs of operative cycles	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
Microabrasion — cycles / time per tooth per cycle	2–3 cycles / 30–60 s	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
Early referral for moderate/severe molar defects	Before 8 yrs	L5 MIH and HSPM	—

Orofacial infection epidemiology & disease course

Statistic	Figure	Source	Paper
HSV — proportion of population infected / manifesting acute primary symptoms	~60% / ~1%	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis — onset / peak incidence	After 6 months / 12–18 months	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Herpetic gingivostomatitis — incubation / prodrome / ulcer size / fever / healing	3–5 days / 48 h / 3 mm / 37.8–38.9 °C / 10–14 days	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Herpes labialis — erythema before lesions / crusting / healing	6–24 h / within 2 days / 7–10 days	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Infectious mononucleosis — common age / EBV chronic fatigue	1–5 yrs / <10% of cases	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Herpangina — age / incubation / lesion count / ulcer size / healing	≤10 yrs / 4–7 days / 2–6 / 2–4 mm / 1–2 wks	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Hand, foot & mouth — age / oral lesion count / ulcer size / course	≤10 yrs / 1–30 / 2–4 mm / 7–10 days	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Varicella — incubation (avg) / immunised course / oral vesicle → ulcer size	10–21 days (15) / 4–6 days / 3–4 mm → 1–3 mm	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—
Varicella oral severity — mild / severe	1–2 ulcers (1–3 days) / up to 30 ulcers (5–10 days)	L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry	—

Dental trauma (primary dentition) — epidemiology

Statistic	Figure	Source	Paper
Head/facial injuries as proportion of all somatic injuries (preschool)	40%	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	Glendor et al. 1996
Toddler fall frequency	17×/hour	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	Adolph et al. 2012
Children sustaining injuries to primary teeth	30%	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Children with history of traumatic dental injuries	46%	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	Andreasen & Ravn 1972
Primary-tooth injuries that are concussion/subluxation/luxation	~80% (softer alveolar bone)	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	Heinz
Post-trauma pulp necrosis / discoloration	~25% / ~52%	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Colour change as most common complication overall	~50% (not always = necrosis)	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—

Dental trauma — management thresholds & timings

Statistic	Figure	Source	Paper
Steep occlusal radiograph angulation	65°	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Recommended incisor trauma series	1 steep occlusal + 3 periapical (bisecting angle)	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Concussion/subluxation — complication risk / timeline	<10% / most within first 12 months	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Recall — concussion/subluxation	1 wk, 1 mo, 3 mo, 6 mo, 1 yr	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Higher complication risk above age	>4 yrs	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	Lauridsen et al. 2017
Intrusion — spontaneous re-eruption / even if / complication rate	80% / 100% intruded / ~⅓	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Lowest pulp-necrosis risk after intrusion	<2 yrs	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	Lauridsen et al. 2017
Monitoring — intrusion	1 wk, 1 mo, 3, 6, 9, 12 mo	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Complication rate — extrusion / lateral luxation	15–43% / 20–40%	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	—
Extrusion/lateral-luxation complications within first 12 months	96%	L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition	Lauridsen et al. 2017

Borum & Andreasen (387 traumatised primary teeth) — outcomes by luxation type: colour change extrusion 80.0% / lateral luxation 62.3% · pulp necrosis intrusion 37.6% / extrusion 30.0% · pulp canal obliteration extrusion 70.0% / lateral luxation 41.8% · inflammatory resorption intrusion 14.1% / lateral luxation 13.0% · permanent displacement intrusion 17.6% · no complications concussion 57.1% / subluxation 43.2% / extrusion 0%. — L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition (Borum & Andreasen)

Eruption & developmental timings

Statistic	Figure	Source	Paper
Second primary molars erupt	~20–30 months	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
First permanent molar — “in bone” → “in occlusion”	~1 year	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—
Primary teeth begin calcifying	4th fetal month	L5 MIH and HSPM	—
Panoramic “canine checks” (mixed dentition)	Ages 9–12	L1 The Paediatric Clinical examination LMS	—

Clinical / appointment parameters

Statistic	Figure	Source	Paper
Max clinical appointment time for children	30–40 min	L1 The Paediatric Clinical examination LMS	—
Patient identifiers to confirm identity	2–3	L1 The Paediatric Clinical examination LMS	—
Intra-oral film sizes (anterior/occlusal)	0, 1, 2 (size 0 for young children)	L1 The Paediatric Clinical examination LMS	—
Antibiotics-before-extraction delay (non-systemic cases)	~5 days (peak effect)	W1 ICDAS and intro to caries	—

Note: the eruption-timing, ~5-day antibiotic-delay, and articaine worked-example figures above are drawn from the W2/W3 workshop case files ([[W2 Cases_integrated]], [[W3 Case 2_integrated]]).

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Sources

• L1 The Paediatric Clinical examination LMS
• L2 Dental Anomalies Part 1
• L4 Dental Anomalies · L4 Dental Anomalies 2
• L5 MIH and HSPM
• L6 Antibiotics LA and Analgesics in Paediatric Dentistry
• L7 Orofacial Infections In Paediatric Dentistry
• L8 Dental Trauma In the Primary Dentition
• W1 ICDAS and intro to caries · W1 Cases
• W2 Cases_integrated
• W3 Case 1_integrated · W3 Case 2_integrated · W3 Case 3_integrated · W3 Extra information
• Related: R1 Antibiotic Selection Table