Articulators Dr Matsubara  Dr Matsubara Lateral view diagram of a human head showing the placement of an articulator device on the jaw. The articulator is shown with its components aligned to the teeth and jaw structure. <div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 30px;"> <p style="margin: 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #333333;">THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA</p> <p style="margin: 0; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; color: #333333;">Oral Health Centre<br>of Western Australia</p> </div> --- <div style="background-color: #2b2b2b; border: 8px solid #8b5a2b; padding: 30px; margin-top: 20px; border-radius: 5px;"> <div style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; color: #ffffff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 20px;">LEARNING OUTCOMES:</div> <div style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.6;"> 1) Explain the importance of the articulator for oral<br>rehabilitation<br> <br> 2) Describe the classification of articulators<br> <br> 3) Understand the difference between ARCON and NON-ARCON<br>articulators<br> <br> 4) Describe the Facebow recording and its clinical importance<br> <br> 5) Describe bite registration in CR and when to mount in CR or<br>MIP<br> <br> 6) Describe the programming of a semi-adjustable articulator </div> </div> #### Learning Outcomes 1. Explain the importance of the articulator for oral rehabilitation 2. Describe the classification of articulators 3. Understand the difference between ARCON and NON-ARCON articulators 4. Describe the Facebow recording and its clinical importance 5. Describe bite registration in CR and when to mount in CR or MIP 6. Describe the programming of a semi-adjustable articulator # **Articulator Elements - Terminology** - **Bennet angle**: Adjustability in the angle formed between the sagittal plane and the condylar track in the nonworking side. - **Bennett movement**: lateral shift of the mandible resulting from the movements of the condyles along the lateral inclines of the mandibular fossae during lateral jaw movement - **Intercondylar distance**: Refers to the distance between the vertical axes of rotation - **Horizontal axis of rotation**: Mandibular movement around the horizontal axis is an opening and closing motion. - **Incisal guidance**: The simulation of anterior guidance in the natural dentition. - **Condylar & glenoid fossa components**: Variability in the angle of the eminentia; the directional condylar guidance provided by the medial, superior and posterior walls of the glenoid fossa; and the ability to simulate laterotrusive and protusive movements. --- *University of Western Australia | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia* #### Key Articulator Elements - **Bennett angle**: Adjustability in the angle formed between the sagittal plane and the condylar track in the nonworking side. - **Bennett movement**: Lateral shift of the mandible resulting from the movements of the condyles along the lateral inclines of the mandibular fossae during lateral jaw movement. - **Intercondylar distance**: Refers to the distance between the vertical axes of rotation. - **Horizontal axis of rotation**: Mandibular movement around the horizontal axis is an opening and closing motion. - **Incisal guidance**: The simulation of anterior guidance in the natural dentition. - **Condylar & glenoid fossa components**: Variability in the angle of the eminentia; the directional condylar guidance provided by the medial, superior and posterior walls of the glenoid fossa; and the ability to simulate laterotrusive and protusive movements. Articulators **The University of Western Australia** | **Oral Health Centre of Western Australia** “A mechanical instrument that represents the TMJs and jaws, to which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all mandibular movements” Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms 9th ed.   #### Definition > "A mechanical instrument that represents the TMJs and jaws, to which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all mandibular movements" > > — *Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms 9th ed.* Schematic diagram of an articulator (labeled in OCR context) shown in profile view. It illustrates the mechanical instrument representing TMJs and jaws with maxillary and mandibular casts attached to simulate jaw movements. The image includes anatomical outlines of a human head/face for reference. Clinical photograph of an actual articulator device used in dentistry. Visible components include adjustable knobs, metal arms, and bases designed to hold dental casts and simulate mandibular movements as described in the text. ## Articulators ### FUNCTION * To evaluate the patient’s occlusion (**simulate mandibular movements** and hold casts in a determined fixed relationship) * To allow most of the prosthetic work to be done **without the presence** of the patient * Dental laboratory can then **design the prosthesis** (occlusal surfaces) to be in functional harmony with the patient’s movements * To **reduce clinical time** needed for adjustments of restorations **ASSIST IN:** Diagnosis & treatment planning, and fabrication of restorations #### Primary Functions - To evaluate the patient’s occlusion (simulate mandibular movements and hold casts in a determined fixed relationship). - To allow most of the prosthetic work to be done without the presence of the patient. - To allow the dental laboratory to design the prosthesis (occlusal surfaces) to be in functional harmony with the patient’s movements. - To reduce clinical time needed for adjustments of restorations. #### Clinical Assistance Articulators assist in: - Diagnosis and treatment planning - Fabrication of restorations # Articulators ## LIMITATIONS * Due to their inflexible mechanical nature, articulators cannot simulate the **complex tissues, joints; and neuromuscular control** that influence mandibular movements. * Even the most advanced and expensive articulator, can only be customised to simulate, but still not fully replicate, all possible combinations of movements in the patient > Human masticatory system is the ultimate articulator #### Limitations of Mechanical Articulators - Due to their inflexible mechanical nature, articulators cannot simulate the complex tissues, joints, and neuromuscular control that influence mandibular movements. - Even the most advanced and expensive articulator can only be customised to simulate, but still not fully replicate, all possible combinations of movements in the patient. **Note:** The human masticatory system is the ultimate articulator. **Articulators** When should you mount the models on articulators? - To assess occlusion (Diagnostic Articulation) - Diagnostic wax up - **More than two single crowns / Bridge** - Removable partial dentures - Complete dentures - Immediate dentures (partial or complete) - **Cases where increase of VD is necessary (wax up)** - Occlusal splints (if not using CAD-CAM) - Single crowns ?? **THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA** Oral Health Centre of Western Australia #### Clinical Indications Mounting models on articulators is indicated for: - Assessing occlusion (Diagnostic Articulation) - Diagnostic wax-up - Cases involving more than two single crowns or a bridge - Removable partial dentures - Complete dentures - Immediate dentures (partial or complete) - Cases where an increase of Vertical Dimension (VD) is necessary (wax-up) - Occlusal splints (if not using CAD-CAM) - Single crowns (in specific instances) # Articulators **THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA** | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia During treatment planning: Diagnostic Articulation During treatment planning: Diagnostic Articulation * Tooth alignment * Prosthetic/interocclusal space * Occlusal contacts * Occlusal plane * Enough space for restorations, * Shape, morphology and size of artificial teeth (Partial dentures and immediate dentures) * Occlusal rest (guide planes, adequate height of contour, undercuts – surveyor) #### Assessment Criteria During Treatment Planning Diagnostic articulation is used to evaluate: - Tooth alignment - Prosthetic/interocclusal space - Occlusal contacts - Occlusal plane - Availability of space for restorations - Shape, morphology, and size of artificial teeth (for partial and immediate dentures) - Occlusal rest requirements (including guide planes, adequate height of contour, and undercuts via surveyor) **Articulators** The University of Western Australia | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia During treatment planning: Diagnostic Articulation **Do you need to mount study models on articulator for Complete Denture treatment plan?** No, we can change all those parameters in a complete denture. Note: Edentulous patient with severe class II or III, you may need to mount the models to assess ridge relationship.  #### Considerations for Complete Dentures **Do you need to mount study models on an articulator for a Complete Denture treatment plan?** Generally, no, as these parameters can be changed during the fabrication of a complete denture. **Note:** For edentulous patients with severe Class II or Class III malocclusions, you may need to mount the models to accurately assess the ridge relationship. Logo of The University of Western Australia and the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia. This visual element identifies the source institution for the educational content. # Articulators **The University of Western Australia** | **Oral Health Centre of Western Australia** ## CLASSIFICATION Based on: - Instrument function - Adjustability Articulators are classified based on two primary criteria: - Instrument function - Adjustability # Articulators ## CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTRUMENT FUNCTION * Capacity to simulate mandibular movements * Class I: Hinge type * Class II: Arbitrary * Class III: Average * Class IV: Special  This classification is based on the instrument's capacity to simulate mandibular movements: - **Class I:** Hinge type - **Class II:** Arbitrary - **Class III:** Average - **Class IV:** Special Header banner containing the title 'Articulators' in large blue text on the left. On the right side, it displays the logo of The University of Western Australia (a shield with a swan) and the logo for the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia (a stylized dragonfly). This serves as the page header identifying the institution. # Articulators **THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA** Oral Health Centre of Western Australia CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTRUMENT FUNCTION Class I: Hinge type * Simplest instrument * Accept a single static registration * Only vertical motion is possible [sic] * Cannot accept a facebow * Limited use: very simple restorations  #### Class I: Hinge Type - Simplest instrument - Accepts a single static registration - Only vertical motion is possible - Cannot accept a facebow - Limited use: very simple restorations Clinical photograph of a Class I Hinge type articulator. The image displays the metallic instrument used in dentistry for mounting casts to simulate jaw movements. It features two occlusal plates connected by a hinge mechanism that allows only vertical motion (opening and closing), consistent with the text description 'Only vertical motion is possible'. The instrument also includes a screw adjustment knob and handles, visually representing the 'Simplest instrument' mentioned in the OCR context. **Articulators** THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia **CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTRUMENT FUNCTION** **Class II: Arbitrary** * Articulator that allow horizontal and vertical movements but it does not orient the motion of TMJs  #### Class II: Arbitrary - Articulator that allows horizontal and vertical movements but does not orient the motion of the Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs) Clinical photograph of a Class II Arbitrary articulator. The device is constructed from blue metal and features an adjustable upper and lower jaw assembly mounted on a base with leveling feet. It includes vertical posts and handwheels for adjusting horizontal and vertical movements, consistent with the slide's text description that it allows these motions but does not orient the motion of TMJs. **** **THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA** | **Oral Health Centre of Western Australia** # Articulators ## CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTRUMENT FUNCTION **Class III: Average** * Simulates condylar pathways by using averages or mechanical equivalents for all or part of the motion * Allows vertical and horizontal motion * Use of face-bow transfer * Does not allow total customization of condylar pathways    #### Class III: Average - Simulates condylar pathways by using averages or mechanical equivalents for all or part of the motion - Allows vertical and horizontal motion - Utilizes face-bow transfer - Does not allow total customization of condylar pathways Clinical photo of a Class III average articulator. The image shows the instrument's frame with condylar guidance components (knobs and rods) against a blue background, illustrating the type of device described in the text as simulating condylar pathways using averages. Clinical photo of a metallic Class III articulator from a frontal perspective. It features a central hinge mechanism for vertical motion and side arms for horizontal movement, consistent with the 'Average' classification described in the text. Clinical photo of a black Class III articulator equipped with a face-bow transfer component (the long arm extending upwards). This visual directly corresponds to the text point regarding the 'Use of face-bow transfer'. Articulators **THE UNIVERSITY OF** **WESTERN** **AUSTRALIA** **Oral Health Centre** **of Western Australia** CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTRUMENT FUNCTION Class IV: Special • Accept three dimentions dynamic registrations • Use of facebow transfer • Capable of accurately reproduce the condylar pathway • Able to adjust multiple angles #### Class IV: Special - Accepts three-dimensional dynamic registrations - Utilizes face-bow transfer - Capable of accurately reproducing the condylar pathway - Able to adjust multiple angles **Articulators** CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ADJUSTABILITY * Nonadjustable articulator * Semi-adjustable articulator * Fully-adjustable articulator - Nonadjustable articulator - Semi-adjustable articulator - Fully-adjustable articulator **Articulators** THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA Oral Health Centre of Western Australia CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ADJUSTABILITY **Nonadjustable articulator:** - Class I articulator - Open and close in a fixed horizontal axis Indication: simple cases (e.g. single crown)  #### Nonadjustable Articulator - Classified as a Class I articulator - Opens and closes in a fixed horizontal axis - **Indication:** Simple cases (e.g., single crown) Clinical photo of a Class I nonadjustable articulator. The image shows two dental casts (upper and lower) mounted on a metal hinge mechanism with screws. This visual demonstrates the 'fixed horizontal axis' movement described in the text for simple cases like single crowns. # Articulators ## CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ADJUSTABILITY **Semi-adjustable articulator:** - **Class III articulator** - **Condylar guidance incline, Bennet angle, incisal guidance, intercondylar distance*** - **Two types:** - Arcon articulator - Non-arcon articulator  - Classified as a Class III articulator - **Adjustable Features:** Condylar guidance incline, Bennett angle, incisal guidance, and intercondylar distance - **Two Types:** - Arcon articulator - Non-arcon articulator Institutional logos displayed in the top right corner: The University of Western Australia logo and the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia logo. # Articulators _+The University of+WESTERN+=Oral Health Centre+AUSTRALia+of Western Australia+SEEK W+Seek Wisdom+* **CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ADJUSTABILITY** Semi-adjustable articulator **ARCON Type** This type resemble the TMJ: * Condylar element (sphere) is attached to the lower member of the articulator * Mechanical fossae is attached to the upper member Simulated the correct anatomical position of the TMJ elements Example: Kavo Protar, Whip Mix | Ar – **articulator** | | Con – **condyle** |  #### Arcon Type This type resembles the anatomical TMJ: - **Condylar element (sphere):** Attached to the lower member of the articulator - **Mechanical fossae:** Attached to the upper member - Simulates the correct anatomical position of the TMJ elements - **Examples:** Kavo Protar, Whip Mix *Etymology: Ar (articulator) + Con (condyle)* Clinical photograph of an ARCON type semi-adjustable articulator. The image shows a close-up view of the mechanical joint where a metallic condylar element (sphere) is attached to the lower member and the upper member features a corresponding fossa mechanism, demonstrating the anatomical simulation described in the text. # Articulators ### CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ADJUSTABILITY Semi-adjustable articulator **NONARCON Type** - Condylar element (sphere) is attached to the upper member of the articulator - Mechanical fossae is attached to the lower member Upper and lower components are rigidly attached – easier to handle Example: Hanau, Dentatus articulator    #### Non-Arcon Type - **Condylar element (sphere):** Attached to the upper member of the articulator - **Mechanical fossae:** Attached to the lower member - Upper and lower components are rigidly attached, making them easier to handle - **Examples:** Hanau, Dentatus articulator Clinical photo of a Semi-adjustable NONARCON Type articulator. The image shows the complete metal device with its condylar elements and mechanical fossae components. Close-up diagrammatic view (magnified inset) of the upper member of the articulator, showing the condylar element (sphere) attached to the mechanism. Close-up diagrammatic view (magnified inset) of the lower member of the articulator, showing the mechanical fossae attachment point. # Articulators ## CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ADJUSTABILITY ### Semi-adjustable articulator **ARCON Articulator** * Condylar inclination is at a **fixed angle** to the maxillary occlusal plane **ARCON vs NONARCON** **NONARCON Articulator** * the angle changes as the articulator is opened * Errors to program the articulator (**protrusive record**) The University of Western Australia | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4<sup>th</sup>  #### Functional Differences **Arcon Articulator** - Condylar inclination is at a fixed angle to the maxillary occlusal plane **Non-Arcon Articulator** - The angle changes as the articulator is opened - Potential for errors when programming the articulator (protrusive record) Comparison diagram of ARCON vs NONARCON semi-adjustable articulators. The left column (ARCON) shows condylar inclination at a fixed angle to the maxillary occlusal plane in both open and closed positions. The right column (NONARCON) illustrates that the angle changes as the articulator is opened, with a note indicating this causes errors when programming the articulator using a protrusive record. Articulators **The University of Western Australia** **Oral Health Centre of Western Australia** **SEMI-ADJUSTABLE** ARCON NONARCON   Semi-adjustable articulators are divided into: - Arcon - Non-Arcon Photo of a silver semi-adjustable articulator labeled 'ARCON'. It features black adjustment knobs on the upper horizontal arm and clear acrylic components at the base. Photo of a black semi-adjustable articulator labeled 'NONARCON'. It features brass-colored mechanical gears on the left side and metal components throughout. <img>A slide titled Articulators Classification Based on Adjustability showing a dental articulator diagram, semi-adjustable articulator with dental movements, nonadjustable articulator Type I showing premature contact interference, with University of Western Australia and Oral Health Centre logos and Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th edition footer.    Classification Based on Adjustability: - Semi-adjustable articulator showing dental movements - Nonadjustable articulator (Type I) showing premature contact interference Diagram of a dental articulator showing the horizontal axis of rotation and occlusal movements (labeled A and B) on a cast. Includes text labels for 'Horizontal axis of rotation'. Circular diagram labeled 'A) Semi-adjustable articulator', illustrating dental movements with pink and green arrows indicating directionality within an occlusion view. Circular diagram labeled 'B) Nonadjustable Articulator Type I', showing premature contact/interference indicated by green arrows and a downward yellow arrow pointing to the text 'Premature contact, interference'. Articulators CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ADJUSTABILITY **Fully adjustable articulator:** * Class IV articulator * Capable of being adjusted to follow the mandibular movement in all direction * Condylar guidance, Bennet angle, Fisher angle, intercondylar distance, anterior guide * Not commonly used due to its complexity  - Classified as a Class IV articulator - Capable of being adjusted to follow mandibular movement in all directions - **Adjustable Features:** Condylar guidance, Bennett angle, Fisher angle, intercondylar distance, and anterior guide - Not commonly used due to its complexity Clinical photo of a fully adjustable articulator (Class IV), demonstrating its complex structure with multiple adjustment knobs and dials for condylar guidance, Bennet angle, Fisher angle, intercondylar distance, and anterior guide settings. • The articulator is an essential tool in successful denture manufacturing that allows for the correct positioning of artificial teeth, which in turn result in balanced articulation and a successful prosthodontic appliance. The articulator is an essential tool in successful denture manufacturing that allows for the correct positioning of artificial teeth, which in turn results in balanced articulation and a successful prosthodontic appliance. **Articulators** **Facebow** **Aim:** to record the anteroposterior and mediolateral spatial position of the maxillary occlusal plane in relation to horizontal axis of rotation of the mandible during opening and closing, and to the cranial base. Whipmix facebow Dentatus facebow   #### Purpose of the Facebow The aim of the facebow is to record the anteroposterior and mediolateral spatial position of the maxillary occlusal plane in relation to the horizontal axis of rotation of the mandible during opening and closing, and to the cranial base. #### Facebow Types - Whipmix facebow - Dentatus facebow Photo of a Whipmix facebow, a dental instrument with a black mounting bar and silver articulation arms. Caption below reads 'Whipmix facebow'. Photo of a Dentatus facebow, a dental instrument with blue adjustment knobs and curved metal arms. Caption below reads 'Dentatus facebow'. # Articulators ## Facebow Kavo Protar facebow Aim: to record the **anteroposterior** and **mediolateral** spatial position of the maxillary occlusal plane in relation to horizontal **axis of rotation of the mandible during opening and closing**, and to the cranial base. THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia  #### Kavo Protar Facebow **Aim:** To record the **anteroposterior** and **mediolateral** spatial position of the maxillary occlusal plane in relation to the horizontal **axis of rotation of the mandible during opening and closing**, and to the cranial base. Clinical photo of a woman in profile demonstrating the use of a Kavo Protar facebow. The device is fitted to her head with earpieces and a bite fork inserted into her mouth, visually illustrating the equipment used for recording anteroposterior and mediolateral spatial position of the maxillary occlusal plane.  Schematic diagram of a mechanical setup or experiment. A central vertical assembly features grey conical funnels at the top and bottom, enclosing a red block in the middle that appears to be under compression or stress. This central element is enclosed within a green rectangular frame structure with corner joints and diagonal supports.  Technical schematic diagram showing a rectangular frame with green outlines and internal components. The central feature is a gray parallelogram containing a red irregular shape, possibly representing a cross-section or highlighted area of interest. Green lines extend from the corners, suggesting structural connections or force vectors. No visible text labels are present in the image.  Schematic diagram of a camera or optical system. The structure includes a green rectangular frame representing the body, with internal components: light gray parallelograms indicating lenses or mirrors arranged along an axis, and a central red polygon likely representing a sensor or aperture. Green lines denote structural elements such as rails or support beams, with small circles at corners possibly indicating joints or mounting points. No text labels are visible.  Schematic diagram showing a 3D cube-like structure composed of light gray and red polygonal segments. The object is enclosed within a green rectangular frame with corner connectors and internal horizontal bars. No text labels are visible.  Clinical photograph demonstrating a patient undergoing orthognathic surgery or dental setup with a complex headgear and bite registration appliance. The image includes green bounding boxes highlighting specific anatomical regions: the mandible (red area), maxilla/upper jaw region, and surrounding facial structures, likely for surgical planning or diagnostic analysis.  Labeled schematic diagram showing a mechanical setup. Central object is a stacked assembly of grey and red components resembling an hourglass or valve mechanism. The entire assembly is enclosed within a green rectangular frame with structural supports at the top and bottom. Text labels include 'Model mounted with facebow' on the left and 'OVD Reduction' in yellow at the bottom. Model mounted **without** facebow  Model mounted **without** facebow Technical diagram showing a model mounted without a facebow. The structure is outlined in green, with a central grey and red component resembling an occlusal setup or dental articulator. Text label on the left reads: 'Model mounted without facebow'. Model mounted without facebow OVD Reduction Reduce less that you necessary  Model mounted without facebow #### OVD Reduction Reduce less than you necessary Schematic diagram of a dental model mounted on an articulator. The green frame represents the articulator with condylar elements at the top and bottom. The central structure shows the occlusion: gray upper and lower arches connected by a red interocclusal spacer or material block in the middle. Text on the left reads 'Model mounted without facebow'. Below the diagram, yellow text states 'OVD Reduction' and 'Reduce less that you necessary', indicating the clinical context of vertical dimension reduction. Model **mounted without facebow**  Model **mounted without facebow** Schematic diagram showing a model mounted without a facebow. The image features a green wireframe outline of a dental articulator or bite registration device. Inside the frame, there are two grey parallelogram shapes representing occlusal planes or mounting blocks, with a red irregular shape in between labeled as 'Model'. Text on the left side reads 'Model mounted without facebow', indicating the absence of a standard facebow attachment for mounting the cast. **Model mounted without facebow** **OVD Reduction** **Reduce more than necessary**  **Model mounted without facebow** #### OVD Reduction **Reduce more than necessary** Labeled diagram illustrating a dental model mounted without a facebow. The image shows a green frame structure with a grey and red anatomical model inside. Text labels include 'Model mounted without facebow' on the left, and 'OVD Reduction / Reduce more than necessary' below, indicating the concept being demonstrated.  A schematic diagram showing a mechanical or structural assembly. The image features a large green circle enclosing a rectangular frame structure with internal components. Inside the frame, there is a vertical stack of geometric shapes: gray trapezoidal segments at top and bottom, and a red central segment between them. Green lines form outlines and connections, suggesting motion paths or structural boundaries. No text labels are visible.  Diagram showing a large red rectangular object with white borders positioned on the left side of two concentric green circles. The inner circle has a smaller radius than the outer circle, both centered around a point slightly to the right of the red object. Two small green dots are visible within the inner circle, one near the center and another closer to the edge.  Geometric diagram on a black background featuring two concentric green circles and a central point. Two red rectangular shapes with gray outlines are positioned on the left side of the inner circle, each connected by lines (one green horizontal, one yellow diagonal) to the center. The composition suggests a technical illustration or schematic representation.  Diagram showing a spiral structure with two green concentric circles and red shapes representing objects in motion or position relative to the spiral. Lines connect key points within the diagram, likely illustrating relationships or trajectories.  Geometric diagram showing a red polygonal shape with grey top/bottom sections intersected by green and blue lines. A large green circle is tangent to the left side of the shape. The diagram appears to illustrate geometric relationships or tangency properties. Articulators **Frankfurt Horizontal plane** **Camper’s plane**  - Frankfurt Horizontal plane - Camper’s plane Lateral profile diagram of the human head illustrating anatomical landmarks and reference planes for dental articulators. The image includes a line drawing of facial features (nose, mouth, teeth, ear) with numbered callouts pointing to specific points: 1-Infra-orbital point, 6-Porion, 3-Subnasal point, 5-Tragus, 7-Hinge axis, and 4-Occlusal plane. Colored lines represent planes: red line connects infra-orbital point and porion labeled 'Frankfurt Horizontal plane'; blue line connects subnasal point and tragus labeled 'Camper's plane'; black line represents occlusal plane. Text annotations on the right explain each plane and note that Camper's plane is parallel to Occlusal plane (2 // 4). Articulators **Kavo Protar facebow** Can use either **Frankfurt** or **Camper’s plane** 1. Nasal support   #### Kavo Protar Facebow Reference Can use either **Frankfurt** or **Camper’s plane** 1. Nasal support Labelled diagram of a Kavo Protar facebow attached to a lateral skull profile. Key components are numbered: 1 is the nasal support; 2 indicates the ear post area; 3 points to the hinge mechanism; and 4 identifies the bite fork. The diagram illustrates anatomical reference planes, specifically the FH (Frankfort Horizontal) and CE (Camper's Plane) lines, showing how the device aligns with these planes. Photograph of a physical Kavo Protar facebow assembly. Visible parts include the metal frame, the articulator base, and mounting hardware. Labels 2, 5, 6, and 7 point to specific adjustment knobs, clamps, and structural supports on the device. Articulators INTERCONDILAR ADJUSTMENT (Not available on Kavo PROTAR)   INTERCONDILAR ADJUSTMENT (Not available on Kavo PROTAR) Clinical close-up photo showing a metal instrument inserted into the patient's ear canal. This visual demonstrates the anatomical location for the intercondylar adjustment mentioned in the OCR text. Photo of a dental procedure showing an articulator device being adjusted on a patient's face by gloved hands. The image visually corresponds to the 'INTERCONDILAR ADJUSTMENT' described in the text. # Articulators ### INTERCONDILAR ADJUSTMENT (Not available on Kavo PROTAR) | Setting | 3 | 2 | 1 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Size** | Large | Medium | Small |   Note: Not available on Kavo PROTAR | Setting | Size | | :--- | :--- | | 3 | Large | | 2 | Medium | | 1 | Small | Close-up photograph of an articulator adjustment knob with a scale marked '3', '2', '1'. Below the numbers, labels indicate 'Large' (at 3), 'Medium' (at 2), and 'Small' (at 1). A callout line connects this region to the main image on the right. Photograph showing a dental articulator with an intercondylar adjustment mechanism. The main view shows the entire device with a wrench nearby; a circular inset highlights the specific adjustment area. Additional close-up insets show different views of the adjustment screw and a detailed view of the numbered settings (3, 2, 1) corresponding to Large, Medium, and Small sizes. # Articulators Intercondylar Distance   Intercondylar Distance Clinical photograph of an articulator setup demonstrating intercondylar distance measurement. The device includes labeled components (LMS, SML) and visible condyles positioned on the upper mechanism. Schematic diagram illustrating intercondylar distance with labeled anatomical structures (L, M, S). Dotted lines indicate movement paths or relationships between condyles and mandibular anatomy. # Articulators ## FACEBOW RECORD **1st Impression of maxillary cusp tips on the fork** **Automixed elastomer** **Addition or condensation silicone putty** **Impression** **Compound** **(not available in the clinic)**   #### 1st: Impression of Maxillary Cusp Tips on the Fork **Materials:** - Automixed elastomer - Addition or condensation silicone putty - Impression Compound (not available in the clinic) Composite visual sequence demonstrating the 'Automixed elastomer' technique for taking a '1st Impression of maxillary cusp tips on the fork'. The sequence includes: (1) applying purple elastomer material to the metal fork; (2) using a red-handled instrument to manipulate or cure the material; and (3) showing the final impression with green compound-like material set in the forks. A caption notes that 'Impression Compound' is '(not available in the clinic)'. Composite visual sequence demonstrating the 'Addition or condensation silicone putty' technique for the same procedure. The sequence includes: (1) holding a yellow silicone block; (2) pressing the silicone over a dental cast model; (3) trimming the excess material; and (4) displaying the finished U-shaped impression of the upper teeth arch in pale beige silicone. # Articulators ## FACEBOW RECORD **2<sup>nd</sup>** *Place the prepared bite fork in the patient's mouth:* patient can hold it against the upper teeth Partial or complete edentulous cases Need **base and wax rim** to provide **posterior support** # The University of Western Australia | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia    #### 2nd: Placement Place the prepared bite fork in the patient's mouth; patient can hold it against the upper teeth. #### Edentulous Considerations For partial or complete edentulous cases, a **base and wax rim** are required to provide **posterior support**. Clinical photo showing a patient's face with gloved hands holding a prepared bite fork against the upper teeth. This demonstrates the procedure step described in the OCR text: 'Place the prepared bite fork in the patient's mouth'. Figure of a pink wax rim attached to a metal handle (bite fork), shown isolated on a white background. This corresponds to the 'prepared bite fork' mentioned in the procedural text. Photo showing dental stone casts (models) of an upper and lower jaw. The models feature pink wax rims inserted into the posterior areas where teeth are missing. This visual supports the OCR context regarding 'Partial or complete edentulous cases' and the need for 'base and wax rim to provide posterior support'. # Articulators ## FACEBOW RECORD **3**<sup>nd</sup> Adapt the bow to the width of the patient's face. **4**<sup>th</sup> Adjust the nasal support on the nasion and fix it with the lock lever **NOTE:** If the Frankfurter horizontal is used, the reference pointer must be inserted above the bow. If the Camper plane is used, the reference pointer must be positioned below the bow.   #### 3rd: Bow Adaptation Adapt the bow to the width of the patient's face. #### 4th: Nasal Support Adjust the nasal support on the nasion and fix it with the lock lever. **Reference Pointer Positioning:** - If the Frankfurter horizontal is used, the reference pointer must be inserted above the bow. - If the Camper plane is used, the reference pointer must be positioned below the bow. Clinical photo demonstrating the application of a facebow to a patient. The image illustrates step 3 (adapting the bow width) and step 4 (adjusting nasal support on the nasion), showing the instrument's placement relative to the patient's anatomy. Anatomical line diagram illustrating the articulator setup. It shows the relationship between the dental cast and the reference pointer positions for Frankfurter horizontal (above the bow) and Camper plane (below the bow) as described in the note section. Articulators THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia FACEBOW RECORD 5th Shove the bite fork support onto the bite fork ④ Bite fork support 6th Adapt the bite fork support on the facial bow and tighten the the finger screw ① Make sure that the guide pins of the bite fork support engage in the guide groove of the facial bow. 7th Tighten the knurled screw ②   #### 5th: Bite Fork Support Shove the bite fork support onto the bite fork ④. #### 6th: Securing the Support Adapt the bite fork support on the facial bow and tighten the finger screw ①. Make sure that the guide pins of the bite fork support engage in the guide groove of the facial bow. #### 7th: Final Tightening Tighten the knurled screw ②. Close-up photo of a 'Bite fork support' component used in dental articulators, showing its metallic structure and connection points. Labeled clinical photograph demonstrating the assembly of a facial bow record. Callouts point to specific components: (1) finger screw, (2) knurled screw, (3) bite fork support engaging with the facial bow, and (4) bite fork inserted into the patient's teeth. # Articular's **THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA** | **Oral Health Centre of Western Australia** # Seek Wisdom # Bite Registration  Bite Registration Institutional logo figure featuring the crest of The University of Western Australia alongside the text 'THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA' and 'Oral Health Centre of Western Australia', serving as a branding element for the document. # Articulators Should I use CR or MIP (habitual bite position)? **Confirmative approach**: <b>patient has stable bite, no symptoms of TMD</b> - Prosthetic treatment in <b>MIP</b>, habitual bite position. **Reorganized approach**: <b>patient with no stable bite, loss of VD, signs and symptoms of TMD</b> - Prosthetic treatment in <b>CR</b> **A second option for Reorganized approach:** **Freedom in centric**: <b>Reestablish the bite in CR and leave area of freedom in the restoration so that the patient can function anywhere between CR and old habitual position (MIP) if necessary.</b> #### Clinical Approaches to Occlusion **Confirmative approach** - Used when the patient has a stable bite and no symptoms of TMD. - Prosthetic treatment is performed in **MIP** (habitual bite position). **Reorganized approach** - Used when the patient has no stable bite, loss of Vertical Dimension (VD), or signs and symptoms of TMD. - Prosthetic treatment is performed in **CR**. **Freedom in centric (Option for Reorganized approach)** - Reestablish the bite in CR and leave an area of freedom in the restoration so that the patient can function anywhere between CR and the old habitual position (MIP) if necessary. Articulators **The University of Western Australia** Oral Health Centre of Western Australia MIP (habitual bite position) • Respect working time of bite registration material • Do not use a lot of material • Check if the patient is contacting upper and lower teeth    #### Maximum Intercuspation (MIP) Recording - Respect the working time of the bite registration material. - Do not use an excessive amount of material. - Check if the patient is contacting upper and lower teeth. Heading text 'Articulators' indicating the topic of the procedure. Main heading 'MIP (habitual bite position)' defining the specific clinical step being demonstrated. List of procedural instructions for MIP registration: respecting working time, using minimal material, and checking tooth contact. Articulators (title in bold) The outline image (logo) text: THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA Oral Health Centre of Western Australia MOUNTING OF MANDIBULAR MODEL (upper left) BITE REGISTRATION IN CR (center) BITE REGISTRATION IN CR (top line of box) RC = Most posterior position of the mandible in which the condyle is in the most anterior and superior position within the fossa. (box text) MOUNTING OF MANDIBULAR MODEL (below box) Manipulating a patient's mandible Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th (bottom right, partial text visible: "ou")   #### Mounting of Mandibular Model **Bite Registration in CR** - RC (Relation Centric) = Most posterior position of the mandible in which the condyle is in the most anterior and superior position within the fossa. **Clinical Procedure** - Manipulating a patient's mandible. Clinical photo showing a gloved pair of hands manipulating a patient's lower jaw to demonstrate the procedure for bite registration in CR (Centric Relation). The text 'Manipulating a patient's mandible' is centered above this image. Clinical photo showing a gloved hand gently supporting the chin of a patient, illustrating the positioning required during articulator mounting. This image is grouped with the left panel under the shared context of 'BITE REGISTRATION IN CR' and 'Manipulating a patient's mandible'. **Articulators** **BITE REGISTRATION IN CR** Tongue tip to soft palate The University of Western Australia Oral Health Centre of Western Australia  #### Centric Relation Technique - Instruct the patient to place the tongue tip to the soft palate. Clinical photo demonstrating the 'Tongue tip to soft palate' position for bite registration in CR. The image shows an open mouth with the tongue elevated and pressed against the posterior pharyngeal wall/soft palate, illustrating the correct placement of the tongue relative to the soft palate. Articulators **BITE REGISTRATION IN CR**   Articulators Clinical photo showing a set of transparent bite registration strips fanned out on a black surface. The strips are labeled with numbers (e.g., '56') and have a white tab at one end, used for measuring vertical dimension. Procedure image demonstrating bite registration in CR (Centric Relation). A patient is shown reclining while a gloved hand inserts a bite registration material into their mouth to record jaw position. # Articulators ## BITE REGISTRATION IN CR "**Lucia Jig**" - Small anterior programming device made of acrylic resin - Prevent posterior contact points - Help mandible manipulation  #### Overview of Lucia Jig - Small anterior deprogramming device made of acrylic resin. - Designed to prevent posterior contact points. - Assists in mandible manipulation. Clinical photo showing a red acrylic Lucia Jig placed between the anterior teeth (incisors) of a patient's mouth. The device is used for bite registration in CR (Centric Relation), as described in the accompanying text which notes it is a small anterior programming device made of acrylic resin that prevents posterior contact points and helps with mandible manipulation. Articulators THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA Oral Health Centre of Western Australia BITE REGISTRATION IN CR "Lucia Jig"      "Lucia Jig" Clinical photo showing gloved hands pouring red bite registration material from a bottle into a small container. Close-up clinical photo of a gloved hand using a tool to apply or manipulate red bite registration material inside a black impression tray. Intraoral clinical photo demonstrating the application of red bite registration material (Lucia Jig) onto the patient's maxillary anterior teeth using a brush-like applicator. Clinical photo showing gloved hands holding a white Lucia jig with red bite registration material placed on its occlusal surface. Intraoral clinical photo showing the red Lucia jig positioned between the patient's upper and lower teeth for bite registration in centric relation (CR). # Articulators ## BITE REGISTRATION IN CR ### ”Lucia Jig” 1 mm apart   #### Positioning - 1 mm apart Clinical photo showing a 'Lucia Jig' (red bite registration material) placed between the upper and lower anterior teeth. Gloved fingers retract the lips to expose the intraoral view. This image demonstrates the procedure of bite registration in Centric Relation (CR). Clinical photo showing a side view of the 'Lucia Jig' bite registration material positioned against the posterior teeth. The text label '1 mm apart' below indicates the required vertical separation between the occlusal surfaces during this step of articulator setup. **Articulators** **BITE REGISTRATION IN CR** "**Lucia Jig**" Create a platform    #### Preparation - Create a platform Clinical photo showing the application of a red Lucia Jig bite registration material in the patient's maxillary arch. The material is placed between the upper posterior teeth to capture the centric relation position. Procedure image demonstrating the trimming or processing of the red Lucia Jig material using a dental instrument (likely a bur or trimmer) held by gloved hands, preparing it for use as an articulator component. Figure showing the final processed Lucia Jig platform on a blue surgical drape, with visible surface texture and markings indicating its role as a bite registration device in centric relation (CR). # Articulators ## BITE REGISTRATION IN CR "Lucia Jig"    "Lucia Jig" Clinical photo showing a red Lucia Jig bite registration device placed in the maxillary arch, demonstrating its fit between upper and lower anterior teeth. Clinical photo showing the red Lucia Jig seated on the maxillary ridge with posterior teeth visible on either side, illustrating proper positioning for CR (centric relation) bite registration. Clinical photo showing the red Lucia Jig positioned over the maxillary occlusal surface with surrounding dentition and metal clasps visible, indicating use during prosthodontic procedure. # Articulators ## BITE REGISTRATION IN CR **"Lucia Jig"** ### RC record    #### Recording - RC record Clinical photo showing a red 'Lucia Jig' bite registration material being held by gloved hands, demonstrating the physical form of the RC record used in articulator setup. Intraoral procedure image showing the placement of a red Lucia Jig between upper and lower teeth to register centric relation (CR) bite; metal clasps are visible on the dentition. Close-up clinical photo of the completed 'RC record' — a red wax or silicone bite registration material with embedded metal components, resting on blue surgical drape, as labeled in OCR context. # Articulators **THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA** **Oral Health Centre of Western Australia** **BITE REGISTRATION IN CR** "**Lucia Jig**"    "Lucia Jig" Clinical photo demonstrating the application of a bite registration material. A patient's mouth is shown with a green Lucia Jig inserted between the upper and lower teeth to establish the vertical dimension. An orange rectangular wax block is visible on the incisal edge of an anterior tooth, serving as a guide or stop during the procedure. Clinical photo showing two light blue silicone impression trays placed side-by-side on a teal surgical drape. The trays contain detailed impressions of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches, representing the physical casts created from the bite registration process. Clinical photo showing the intraoral placement of red bite registration material (likely zinc oxide-eugenol) in the posterior region. The material is pressed against the occlusal surfaces of the molars to capture the centric relation position, illustrating the final step of the bite registration procedure. **Articulators** **BITE REGISTRATION IN CR** Occlusal splint Kois deprogrammer   #### Deprogramming Options - Occlusal splint - Kois deprogrammer Clinical photo of an occlusal splint in a patient's mouth. The transparent appliance covers the upper teeth and is shown in occlusion with the lower dentition. Clinical photo of a Kois deprogrammer mounted on a dental cast. The red-colored acrylic appliance fits over the maxillary arch and includes metal clasps engaging the posterior teeth. - Articulators - BITE REGISTRATION IN CR - Anterior jig > - Kois deprogrammer >   #### CR Registration Devices - Anterior jig - Kois deprogrammer Clinical photo of a patient's mouth demonstrating an anterior jig for bite registration in centric relation (CR). The image shows the upper and lower dental arches with a clear acrylic appliance positioned between the front teeth. Clinical photo of a Kois deprogrammer on a dental cast. The device consists of red silicone material covering the posterior teeth area with metal clasps engaging the molars, used to help achieve centric relation by releasing muscular memory. Articulators **THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA** Oral Health Centre of Western Australia **Jaw Relation Record** Requirements: - Durability - Rigidity - Ease of application - Ease of transfer For edentulous areas: stabilizing base and occlusal rim Consider multiple records to ensure repeatability Suitable materials **Wax** **Silicone** **ZnO-eugenol** **Resin**      #### Material Requirements - Durability - Rigidity - Ease of application - Ease of transfer #### Clinical Considerations - For edentulous areas: use a stabilizing base and occlusal rim. - Consider multiple records to ensure repeatability. #### Suitable Materials - Wax - Silicone - ZnO-eugenol - Resin Clinical photo showing a patient's mouth with a red wax bite registration material applied to the upper and lower teeth to record jaw relation. Figure displaying two dental casts (upper and lower) fitted with pink occlusal rims. The image demonstrates the stabilization of edentulous areas using the base and occlusal rim as described in the text. Step in procedure showing a white dental cast with two blocks of pink wax placed on the occlusal surfaces, representing the initial stages of making a jaw relation record. Step in procedure showing gloved hands applying a material from a syringe onto the pink wax blocks on the dental cast. Step in procedure showing a patient receiving an intraoral impression or bite registration procedure, with gloved fingers retracting lips. # Articulators ## The University of Western Australia Oral Health Centre of Western Australia ### Jaw Relation Record * **A** * TAKE 1 BITE * **B** * **C** * Elastomeric material * Acrylic resin record base * Partially edentulous   #### Recording Methods and Materials - Take 1 bite - Elastomeric material - Acrylic resin record base - Partially edentulous considerations Three-panel labeled figure demonstrating the use of elastomeric material for a jaw relation record. Panel A shows a 'TAKE 1 BITE' syringe applicator. Panel B is a clinical photo showing the green applicator being inserted into a patient's mouth with an orange bite block in place. Panel C displays two impressions made in the elastomeric material. Four-panel collage illustrating acrylic resin record bases for partially edentulous patients. Top-left and bottom-left panels show pink acrylic bases with red wax blocks on casts. Top-right and bottom-right panels show similar setups mounted on a dental cast. **Articulators** The University of Western Australia Oral Health Centre of Western Australia  The University of Western Australia Oral Health Centre of Western Australia Clinical photograph of a dental articulator mounted with maxillary and mandibular stone casts. The device includes vertical posts (likely for facebow transfer or centric relation positioning), adjustable condylar elements, and occlusal stops to simulate jaw movement during prosthetic planning. Articulators **The University of Western Australia** **Oral Health Centre of Western Australia** # PROGRAMMING THE ARTICULATOR Condylar guidance and Bennet angle MIP/RC Protrusion Lateral movement to right Lateral movement to left     #### Required Records and Movements To program the articulator for condylar guidance and Bennett angle, the following positions and movements are utilized: - MIP/RC (Maximum Intercuspation / Relation Centric) - Protrusion - Lateral movement to the right - Lateral movement to the left Clinical photo of a patient's dentition showing the Maxillary Incisal Point (MIP) and Right Condyle (RC) contact area during occlusion. Clinical photo demonstrating the Protrusion movement of the mandible, with pink silicone material highlighting the contact points between upper and lower teeth. Clinical photo showing Lateral movement to the right, with red lines indicating specific tooth contacts and a black triangle marking a point of interest on the anterior teeth. Clinical photo illustrating Lateral movement to the left, featuring red vertical markings on the incisors and a black triangle pointing to the cingulum area of a central incisor. <div style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10%;">Articulators</div> <div style="text-align: center; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA</div> <div style="text-align: center; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Oral Health Centre of Western Australia</div> <div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 40px; font-family: monospace; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px;">PROGRAMMING THE ARTICULATOR</div> <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 20px;">Condylar guidance and</div> <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 5px;">Bennet angle</div>  Condylar guidance and Bennett angle. Clinical photograph showing four red articulator components (likely condylar elements or wax mounts) on a blue background. Labels include 'PRO' (top left), 'CR' (top right), 'LEFT' (bottom left), and 'RIGHT' (bottom right). These components relate to the text 'Condylar guidance and Bennet angle' and are used in programming an articulator. # Articulators ## PROGRAMMING THE ARTICULATOR Condylar guidance **PROTRUSION** **BITE** **REGISTRATION** <img>Articulator and bite registration images <img> Return Condylar guidance to **0°** LMS SML The University of Western Australia | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia    #### Protrusive Registration Procedures - Utilize the protrusion bite registration. - Return condylar guidance to 0°. Clinical photo of a human mouth showing teeth and lips with red wax bite registration material applied to the upper right posterior region. Adjacent text labels read 'PROTRUSION', 'BITE', 'REGISTRATION', indicating the procedure for capturing jaw movement. Photo of an articulator setup demonstrating condylar guidance adjustment. The device features labeled components 'LMS' (Left Medial Sagittal) and 'SML' (Superior/Medial/Lateral), holding dental casts. A black arrow points to a specific knob on the left side, indicating where to return condylar guidance to 0° as per the caption below. Close-up photo of an articulator mechanism in use. It shows a metallic hinge assembly with a ball joint attached to a dental cast model. A red silicone bite registration strip is visible across the teeth of the cast, illustrating the physical setup for programming occlusion. **Articulators** THE UNIVERSITY OF **WESTERN** **AUSTRALIA** Oral Health Centre of Western Australia ## **PROGRAMMING THE ARTICULATOR** Condylar guidance   Condylar guidance Close-up clinical photo of an articulator's condylar guidance mechanism, showing a metallic housing with a spherical component and a protruding pin or rod, demonstrating the mechanical interface for jaw movement simulation. Detailed close-up photograph of an articulator's condylar guidance assembly, highlighting the interaction between a curved metal guide surface and a spherical condyle-like ball, illustrating how mandibular motion is mechanically recorded and replicated during programming. **Articulators** **PROGRAMMING THE ARTICULATOR** **Bennet angle** **Set Bennet angle = 30°** **Adjust the angle in the non-working side**    #### Initial Settings and Adjustments - Set Bennett angle = 30°. - Adjust the angle in the non-working side. Clinical photo showing an intraoral view of teeth with red lines indicating the Bennett angle path on the occlusal surfaces and a black triangle marking the starting point or reference area. Photo of an articulator setup demonstrating the adjustment of the Bennet angle. Dashed lines indicate the movement path, and text below states 'Set Bennet angle = 30°'. Photo illustrating the procedure to adjust the Bennet angle in the non-working side of an articulator. A red circle highlights the adjustment mechanism, dashed lines show the angular relationship, and a red arrow indicates the direction of movement for the working condyle (SML). Articulators The University of Western Australia | Oral Health Centre of Western Australia PROGRAMMING THE ARTICULATOR Bennet angle Set Bennet angle = 30° Adjust the angle in the non-working side MS | SML LMS | SML    #### Non-Working Side Adjustments - Set Bennett angle = 30°. - Adjust the angle in the non-working side. Clinical photo of human dentition showing the Bennett angle. Red lines are drawn on the occlusal surfaces to illustrate the lateral excursion movement path, and a black triangle points to the specific angle being measured between the teeth. Close-up photograph of an articulator setup demonstrating the adjustment of the Bennett angle. The image shows the articulator components with measurement markings (LMS, SML) and includes the caption 'Set Bennet angle = 30°' below it. Photograph of a dental cast mounted in an articulator illustrating how to adjust the Bennett angle. A red circle highlights the mechanism for adjusting the non-working side, while a large red arrow indicates the direction of movement. Text overlay reads 'Adjust the angle in the non-working side'. # Articulators ## PROGRAMMING THE ARTICULATOR Bennet angle   Bennett angle Close-up clinical photo of an articulator mechanism showing the Bennett angle adjustment. A metal ball is positioned within a slot, demonstrating the lateral movement component. Detailed view of an articulator's Bennett angle setting mechanism. The image shows a metallic ball seated in a guide slot, illustrating how the side-shift (Bennett) motion is programmed on the dental articulator. # Articulators **THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA** **Oral Health Centre of Western Australia** ## PROGRAMMING THE ARTICULATOR **Bennet angle** | Pre-adjustment for mounting of casts = 0° | Pre-adjustment = 30° | Final adjustment | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | |  #### Adjustment Sequence | Pre-adjustment for mounting of casts | Pre-adjustment | Final adjustment | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 0° | 30° | [Pending adjustment] | Three-panel procedure image demonstrating the programming of an articulator for the Bennet angle. The left panel shows 'Pre-adjustment for mounting of casts = 0°', the center panel shows a close-up of the adjustment dial set to '30°' with the label 'Pre-adjustment = 30°', and the right panel shows the 'Final adjustment'. Each panel displays a mechanical component of the dental articulator. # Articulators Needs to be used properly, otherwise errors will be introduced. • Occlusal problems • Incorrect articulations • Errors mounting models in the articulator lead to treatment delay, addition of appointment To achieve accurate results, articulators must be used properly; otherwise, significant clinical errors will be introduced. #### Common Clinical Complications - Occlusal problems - Incorrect articulations #### Consequences of Technical Errors - Errors in mounting models in the articulator lead to treatment delays. - Inaccurate mountings necessitate additional clinical appointments. **The University of Western Australia** Oral Health Centre of Western Australia **Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion** **JEFFREY P. OKESON** **CONTEMPORARY FIXED PROSTHODONTICS** **Rosenstiel • Land • Fujimoto** Fourth Edition **Mosby** Elsevier Thank you   #### Academic and Clinical References - **Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion** Jeffrey P. Okeson - **Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics** Rosenstiel, Land, and Fujimoto Fourth Edition #### Institutional and Publishing Credits - The University of Western Australia: Oral Health Centre of Western Australia - Mosby (Elsevier) Clinical photo showing the cover of a textbook titled 'Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion' by Jeffrey P. Okeson. The image includes a clinical scene with gloved hands examining a patient's jaw, alongside anatomical illustrations of the temporomandibular joint. Clinical photo showing the cover of a textbook titled 'Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics' by Rosenstiel, Land, and Fujimoto (Fourth Edition). The image features close-up dental photographs of teeth and restorations, along with diagnostic tools. 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