**Preparation Appointment**
$\diamond$ Local Anaesthesia
$\diamond$ Rubber Dam
$\diamond$ Access
$$\left.
\begin{array}{l}
\color{red}\diamond \text{ Establish "working length"} \\
\color{red}\diamond \text{ Prepare / instrument the canal}
\end{array}
\right\}
$$
    $\quad\mathbf{\square}$ With anti-bacterial irrigation
$\diamond$ Medicate the canal
$\diamond$ Temporary restoration
# **Preparation Appointment**
> [!info] Lecture Focus
> This lecture focuses on the practical aspects of the root canal preparation appointment, building upon the previous discussion of required instruments. The two primary stages covered are:
> 1. Establishing the working length.
> 2. Preparing or instrumenting the root canal.
>
> A thorough understanding of root canal anatomy, particularly the apical region, is critical for successfully completing these stages.
- Local Anaesthesia
- Rubber Dam
- Access
- Establish "working length"
- Prepare / instrument the canal
- With anti-bacterial irrigation
- Medicate the canal
- Temporary restoration
![]()
Diagram showing labeled dental apical anatomy including physiological foramen, radiographic apex, and root canal filling (RCF).
# **Apical Anatomy**
<img alt="Diagram showing the apical anatomy of a tooth, including root apex, cementum, apical foramen, apical constriction, and dentine, with corresponding measurements." />
```text
root apex
cementum
apical foramen
apical constriction
dentine
```
0.5 – 0.7 mm
0.5 – 0.7 mm
1.0 – 1.4 mm
# **Apical Anatomy**
> [!note]
> The anatomy of the apical third of the tooth root is extremely important for establishing the correct working length.
- ==**Physiological Foramen (Apical Constriction):** The root canal narrows to a point known as the physiological foramen, or apical constriction. This is generally located at the level of the **cementodentinal junction (CDJ)**.==
- ==The pulp tissue exists within the dentin portion of the canal.==
- ==The periodontal ligament exists where there is cementum on the root surface.==
- ==The apical constriction marks the end of the pulp space and is the narrowest part of the canal, making it the ideal termination point for preparation and filling. This helps confine filling materials to the canal system and prevent extrusion into periapical tissues.==
- ==**Cutler's Research and Average Anatomy:** Research by Cutler on thousands of teeth provides average measurements for apical anatomy.==
- ==The **apical foramen** (where the canal exits the root) is very rarely at the actual radiographic apex of the tooth. It typically exits short of the apex and to one side (mesial, distal, buccal, or lingual).==
- ==**Average Distances:**==
- ==From the radiographic apex to the apical foramen: **0.5 to 0.7 mm**.==
- ==From the apical foramen to the apical constriction: an additional **0.5 to 0.7 mm**.==
- ==**Total Distance:** This means the apical constriction is, on average, located **1.0 to 1.5 mm** short of the radiographic apex.==
- ==**Anatomical Variations:** The
| File No. | Size (mm) | Length |
| :------- | :-------- | :----- |
| 25 | 20 | 20 mm |
| 20 | 15 | 20 mm |
| 15 | 10 | 20 mm |
| 10 | | 20 mm |
| | | |
| 40 | 25 | 17 mm |
| 35 | 25 | 18 mm |
| 30 | 25 | 19 mm |
| 25 | | 20 mm |
Gates Glidden #2 (60)
**Apical Anatomy**
![]()
Illustration of various apical anatomies with physiological foramen and radiographic apex indicated.
**Apical Anatomy**
![]()
Line drawing illustration of two teeth, showing the apical regions, with a double-headed arrow pointing between the apices.
**Apical Anatomy**
1.0 mm
2.5 mm
F
I
L
M
X-Rays
![]()
Illustrated diagram of apical anatomy regarding measurements for radiograph positioning.
**Establishing “Working Length”**
**i.e. 26.5 – (1.0 or 1.5) = 25.5 or 25.00 mm**
Subtract **1.0 – 1.5 mm**
Constriction is 0.5 - 2.5 mm
from radiographic apex
↳ **Average ~ 1.0 mm**
**Establishing “Working Length”**
![]()
Radiographic images showing files in root canals for determining working length.
<img/> Establishing working length using radiographs.
**Establishing “Working Length”**
**Preparation Techniques**
$\diamond$ *The technique used should depend on the:*
- **Instruments used -**
$\rightarrow$ Design of the cutting blade
- **Root Filling technique used -**
$\rightarrow$ e.g. Lateral compaction, vertical compaction, etc.
- **Operator -**
$\rightarrow$ Skill, preference, experience
**Some Hand File Techniques**
* Non-serial
* Step-back
* Step-down
* Double-flared
* Crown-down pressureless
* Balanced forces
* Canal Master
* Hybrid techniques
* Continuous wave
* Dr. XXXX's technique
* Dr. AAAA's technique
* Etc, etc, etc.
**“Step-back” Technique**
<img align="center" src="https://i.imgur.com/GzQ58Uf.png" alt="Diagram illustrating the 'Step-back' technique for root canal preparation."> </img>
| File No. | Size (mm) | Length |
| :------- | :-------- | :----- |
| 25 | 20 | 20 mm |
| 20 | 15 | 20 mm |
| 15 | 10 | 20 mm |
| 10 | | 20 mm |
| | | |
| 40 | 25 | 17 mm |
| 35 | 25 | 18 mm |
| 30 | 25 | 19 mm |
| 25 | | 20 mm |
Gates Glidden
#2 (60)
**16 files/burs + irrigation = 32 steps**
**25 at WL**
| File Size | Length (mm) |
|---|---|
| 25 | 20mm |
| 20 | 20mm |
| 15 | 20mm |
| 10 | 20mm |
| File Size | Length (mm) |
|---|---|
| 40 | 17mm |
| 35 | 18mm |
| 30 | 19mm |
| 25 | 20mm |
Gates Glidden #2 (60)
- **16 files/burs + irrigation = 32 steps**
- **25 at WL**
| File Size | Length (mm) |
|---|---|
| 25 | 20mm |
| 20 | 20mm |
| 15 | 20mm |
| 10 | 20mm |
| File Size | Length (mm) |
|---|---|
| 40 | 17mm |
| 35 | 18mm |
| 30 | 19mm |
| 25 | 20mm |
Gates Glidden #2 (60)
# **Establishing the Working Length**
> [!note]
> This is the process of determining the precise length to which the canal will be filed and shaped.
### **Preoperative Estimation**
1. ==**Measure the Preoperative Radiograph:** An *estimated working length* is determined before starting.==
- ==**Film-Based Radiographs:** Using a modified parallel technique, the image is close to a 1:1 representation. A ruler can be used to measure from a reference point (e.g., incisal edge) to the radiographic apex.==
- ==**Digital Radiographs:** Software measuring tools can be used, but their accuracy depends on the quality and angulation of the image. The modified parallel technique with a film holder yields the most accurate image.==
2. ==**Calculate the Estimate:** Subtract 1.0 to 1.5 mm from the total radiographic tooth length.==
- ==*Example:* A tooth measuring 26.5 mm on the radiograph would have an estimated working length of **25.0 to 25.5 mm**.==
- ==**Crucially, this is only an estimate** to guide the initial file placement.==
### **The Role of Tactile Sensation**
> [!tip]
> Tactile sensation is a learned skill that comes with experience. It is the ability to
**The Typical “Abbott” Technique**
♦ **Based on:**
* **Hedström files**
→ 25 mm length
→ Stainless steel
→ Hand files
→ 0.02 taper
* **Min. rotation of files**
→ 1/8 turn max.
* **“Push - Pull” action**
* **Circumferential filing**
→ Flare with ALL files
* **Only 5 instruments**
# **Root Canal Preparation Techniques**
> [!info]
> The chosen preparation technique must be compatible with the instruments being used (e.g., file design), the planned root filling technique, and the operator's skill.
## **The
## **The Typical “Abbott” Technique**
### **Basis of Technique**
- **Hedström files**
- → 25 mm length
- → Stainless steel
- → Hand files
- → 0.02 taper
- **Min. rotation of files**
- → 1/8 turn max.
- **“Push - Pull” action**
- **Circumferential filing**
- → Flare with ALL files
- **Only 5 instruments**
> [!info]
> The entire preparation can be completed with as few as five instruments, with irrigation between each step.
**The Typical "Abbott" Technique**
$\diamond$ **Based on:**
* **Hedström files**
$\rightarrow$ 25 mm length
$\rightarrow$ Stainless steel
$\rightarrow$ Hand files
$\rightarrow$ 0.02 taper
* **Min. rotation of files**
$\rightarrow$ 1/8 turn max.
* **"Push - Pull" action**
* **Circumferential filing**
$\rightarrow$ Flare with ALL files
* **Only 5 instruments**
$\diamond$ **Sequence - narrow canal**
* **Negotiate**
$\rightarrow$ \# 10 and then \# 15
* **Coronal flare**
$\rightarrow$ ? \# 15 file or GG #2
* **WL radiograph** (pref. \# 15)
* **File sequentially**
$\rightarrow$ \# 15 to WL
$\rightarrow$ \# 20 to WL
$\rightarrow$ \# 25 to WL
* **Gates Glidden # 2**
### **Sequence for a Narrow Canal**
> [!example] Example: Mesiobuccal canal of a molar
1. ==**Initial Negotiation (First Appointment):**==
- ==Use a **size 10 file** to negotiate partway down the canal. The goal is not to reach the apex, but to open up the canal and create coronal flare.==
- ==Follow with a **size 15 file** to further flare the coronal portion.==
- ==Place medicament and a temporary restoration.==
2. ==**Preparation (Second Appointment):**==
- ==Negotiate to the *estimated working length* with a **size 10 file**, then a **size 15 file**.==
- ==Take the **working length radiograph** with the size 15 file in place and confirm the final working length.==
- ==Continue working the **size 15 file** at the full working length with push-pull/circumferential filing until it is very loose. Irrigate.==
- ==Introduce the **size 20 file**. It should go to within 1-1.5 mm of the working length. Use a slight rotation to advance it the final distance, then use push-pull/circumferential filing until it is loose. Irrigate.==
- ==Introduce the **size 25 file** in the same manner. Work it at the full working length until loose. Irrigate.==
- ==Use a **Gates Glidden #2 bur** in the coronal and middle third of the canal to create the final flare, being careful not to create a ledge.==
- **Negotiate**
- → # 10 and then # 15
- **Coronal flare**
- → ? # 15 file or GG #2
- **WL radiograph** (pref. # 15)
- **File sequentially**
- → # 15 to WL
- → # 20 to WL
- → # 25 to WL
- **Gates Glidden # 2**
**The Typical "Abbott" Technique**
**Slight Rotation** + **Push-Pull** + **Circumferential filing**
The image below illustrates the technique using different file sizes and shows a radiograph example.
| Image | File Size and Motion |
|---|---|
| | **# 10** |
| | **# 15** |
| | Radiograph Example |
| | **# 15** |
![]()
Illustration of root canal preparation with a rotary file using an up-and-down motion with a slight rotation motion.
![]()
Illustration of root canal preparation with a rotary file using an up-and-down motion with a slight rotation motion.
![]()
Radiograph showing a root canal treatment in a molar tooth with a file in one of the canals.
![]()
Illustration of root canal preparation with a rotary file using an up-and-down motion with a slight rotation motion.
### **Filing Motion and Progression**
**Slight Rotation** + **Push-Pull** + **Circumferential filing**
> [!todo] Filing Motion Steps
> 1. **Negotiation:** Gently place the file into the canal until resistance is felt. This resistance is usually along the body of the file, not the tip.
> 2. **Engage:** Perform a slight rotation (1/8th of a turn) to engage the file's flutes into the dentin.
> 3. **Withdrawal Stroke:** Pull the instrument out a few millimeters while pressing it against one wall of the canal. This is the cutting stroke.
> 4. **Circumferential Filing:** Repeat the push-pull motion at this same depth, working around the entire circumference of the canal wall until the file feels loose.
> 5. **Advance:** The file can now usually be advanced another 1-2 mm deeper into the canal.
> 6. **Repeat:** Repeat this process of engaging, circumferential filing, and advancing until the working length is reached.
> 7. **Shaping at Working Length:** Once the file is at the full working length, **no more rotation is used**. Shaping is accomplished purely with the **push-pull and circumferential filing motion**.
The image below illustrates the technique using different file sizes and shows a radiograph example.
| Image | File Size and Motion |
|---|---|
| | **# 10** |
| | **# 15** |
| | Radiograph Example |
| | **# 15** |
The Typical **“Abbott” Technique**
<ins>Slight Rotation</ins> + <ins>**Push-Pull**</ins> + <ins>**Circumferential filing**</ins>
| **# 20** | **# 25** | **GG # 2** |
|---|---|---|
| | | |
Canal after preparation
<ins>Slight Rotation</ins> + <ins>**Push-Pull**</ins> + <ins>**Circumferential filing**</ins>
| **# 20** | **# 25** | **GG # 2** |
|---|---|---|
| | | |
Canal after preparation
![]()
A series of images and diagrams illustrating the "Abbott" technique, including a photo of an obelisk, a cross-sectional diagram of a tooth with the canal after preparation shaded, and a schematic outline of a tooth with internal shaping shown.
**Shape of Some Prepared Canals**
![]()
Radiographs depicting endodontically treated teeth, showing the shape of the prepared canals and restorations.
# **Shape of Some Prepared Canals**
> [!success] Goal of Instrumentation
> The goal of instrumentation is to create a continuously tapered, conical preparation, similar in shape to the Washington Monument.
- ==The original shape of the canal is generally maintained but is enlarged in all dimensions.==
- ==The narrowest point of the preparation is at the apical constriction (the working length).==
- ==The widest point is at the canal orifice.==
- ==This tapered shape facilitates effective irrigation and allows for a dense, well-adapted root canal filling.==
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Date</th>
<th>Tooth</th>
<th>Canal</th>
<th>Lengths on PA</th>
<th>Ref. Pt.</th>
<th>Final Length</th>
<th>Prepⁿ Size</th>
<th>Notes</th>
<th>RCF Date</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
</tbody>
</table>
# **Endodontic Treatment Details**
> [!abstract] Recording Treatment Details
> It is essential to meticulously record all treatment details. In a clinical setting, this is done in the patient's electronic record. The following information must be recorded:
- ==**Date** of the procedure.==
- ==**Tooth Number**.==
- ==**Canal Identification** (e.g., Mesiobuccal, Palatal).==
- ==**Reference Point** for all measurements (e.g., Mesiobuccal cusp tip). It is simplest to use the same reference point for all canals in a tooth.==
- ==**Length on Radiograph:** The actual measured length of the file on the working length radiograph. If adjustments and a second radiograph are needed, that length is also recorded.==
- ==**Final Working Length (FWL):** The definitive length to which the canal was prepared. This may be slightly adjusted from the radiographic length based on clinical judgment.==
- ==**Master Apical File (MAF):** The size of the largest file used at the full working length (e.g., size 25). This determines the size of the master gutta-percha point for obturation.==
- ==**Notes:** Any relevant observations, such as canal curvature.==
- ==**Date of Completion:** The date the root canal filling is completed.==
**Endodontic Treatment Details**
| Date | Tooth | Canal | Lengths on PA | Ref. Pt. | Final Length | Prepⁿ Size | Notes | RCF Date |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **5/3/06** | **26** | **MB** | **18.5** | **MB cusp** | | | | |
| | | **DB** | **19.0** | | | | | |
| | | **Pal** | **21.5** | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
![]()
Periapical radiograph with instruments in the root canals
<html>
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Date</th>
<th>Tooth</th>
<th>Canal</th>
<th>Lengths on PA</th>
<th>Ref. Pt.</th>
<th>Final Length</th>
<th>Prepn Size</th>
<th>Notes</th>
<th>RCF Date</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>5/3/06</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>MB</td>
<td>18.5 / 19.25</td>
<td>MB cusp</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>DB</td>
<td>19.0 / 20.0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Pal</td>
<td>21.5 / 22.0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>MPal</td>
<td>- / 17.5</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</html>
**Endodontic Treatment Details**
| Date | Tooth | Canal | Lengths on PA | Ref. Pt. | Final Length | Prepn Size | Notes | RCF Date |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
| 5/3/06 | 26 | MB | 18.5 / 19.25 | MB cusp | 19.25 | | | |
| | | DB | 19.0 / 20.0 | | 20.0 | | | |
| | | Pal | 21.5 / 22.0 | | 21.5 | | | |
| | | MPal | - / 17.5 | | 17.5 | | | |
# **Endodontic Treatment Details**
|Date|Tooth|Canal|Lengths on PA|Ref. Pt.|Final Length|Prepn Size|Notes|RCF Date|
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|5/3/06|26|MB|18.5 / 19.25|MB cusp|19.25|25|DP curve||
|||DB|19.0 / 20.0||20.0|30|||
|||Pal|21.5 / 22.0||21.5|45|Bu curve||
|||MPal|- / 17.5||17.5|25|Joins MB||
||||||||||
||||||||||
||||||||||
||||||||||
# **Endodontic Treatment Details**
| Date | Tooth | Canal | Lengths on PA | Ref. Pt. | Final Length | Prep$^n$ Size | Notes | RCF Date |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **5/3/06** | **26** | **MB** | **18.5 / 19.25** | **MB cusp** | **19.25** | **25** | **DP curve** | **15/5/06** |
| | | **DB** | **19.0 / 20.0** | | **20.0** | **30** | | |
| | | **Pal** | **21.5 / 22.0** | | **21.5** | **45** | **Bu curve** | |
| | | **MPal** | **- / 17.5** | | **17.5** | **25** | **Joins MB** | |
**Endodontic Treatment Details**
| Date | Tooth | Canal | Lengths on PA | Ref. Pt. | Final Length | Prepⁿ Size | Notes | RCF Date |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **5/3/06** | **26** | **MB** | **18.5 / 19.25** | **MB cusp** | **19.25** | **25** | **DP curve** | **15/5/06** |
| | | **DB** | **19.0 / 20.0** | | **20.0** | **30** | | |
| | | **Pal** | **21.5 / 22.0** | | **21.5** | **45** | **Bu curve** | |
| | | **MPal** | **- / 17.5** | | **17.5** | **25** | **Joins MB** | |
| **9/6/06** | **14** | **Bu** | **19.0 / 19.5** | **Bu of temp.** | **20.25** | **30** | | **5/8/06** |
| | | **Pal** | **19.5 / 20.5** | | **21.0** | **35** | | |
| Date | Tooth | Canal | Lengths on PA | Ref. Pt. | Final Length | Prepⁿ Size | Notes | RCF Date |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **5/3/06** | **26** | **MB** | **18.5 / 19.25** | **MB cusp** | **19.25** | **25** | **DP curve** | **15/5/06** |
| | | **DB** | **19.0 / 20.0** | | **20.0** | **30** | | |
| | | **Pal** | **21.5 / 22.0** | | **21.5** | **45** | **Bu curve** | |
| | | **MPal** | **- / 17.5** | | **17.5** | **25** | **Joins MB** | |
| **9/6/06** | **14** | **Bu** | **19.0 / 19.5** | **Bu of temp.** | **20.25** | **30** | | **5/8/06** |
| | | **Pal** | **19.5 / 20.5** | | **21.0** | **35** | | |
# **Intra-canal Medicaments**
**Main functions:**
$\checkmark$ **Anti-bacterial**
$\checkmark$ **Anti-inflammatory**
$\checkmark$ **Hard tissue repair**
![]()
A picture of various dental medicaments including tubes labeled LEDERMIX and PULPDENT, and a syringe and vial for CALASEPT.
# **Intra-canal Medicaments**
> [!note]
> After the canal preparation is complete, the final steps at the appointment are:
1. ==**Final Irrigation Sequence:**==
- ==Irrigate with **EDTAC** to remove the smear layer.==
- ==Irrigate with **Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)** to disinfect.==
- ==Perform a final rinse with **EDTAC**.==
2. ==**Drying:** Dry the canal thoroughly using absorbent **paper points**.==
3. ==**Medicament Placement:** Place an intracanal medicament into the dried canal.==
> [!tip]
> The choice of medicament depends on the original diagnosis of the tooth.
## **Main functions:**
- ✓ **Anti-bacterial**
- ✓ **Anti-inflammatory**
- ✓ **Hard tissue repair**
The image displays a sequence of dental procedures, showing the treatment of a tooth.
The main image shows a close-up of a tooth restoration, possibly a crown or large filling, that has been sectioned or broken to reveal the internal structure. It shows a central white material (likely restorative cement or composite core) surrounded by a grayish material (dentin/old restoration) and an outer metallic layer. To the right is an adjacent tooth.
On the left side, there is a sequence of three smaller images indicated by red arrows, showing the progress of the tooth preparation:
1. **Bottom image:** A tooth with a dark, failing restoration and decay, partially isolated with a rubber dam.
2. **Middle image:** The tooth prepared, possibly with a metal matrix band in place, showing the removal of old restorative material and decay, and likely core buildup placement. A preparation margin is visible.
3. **Top image:** A further stage, showing the tooth structure (or remaining core) that has been prepared, possibly for a full crown, with a visible post or core material exposed, ready for the final restoration.
An image showing progressive dental restoration steps.
## **Dental Restoration Procedure Example**
> [!note] Temporary Restoration
> After placing the medicament, a multi-layer temporary restoration is placed in the access cavity to provide a seal between appointments.
1. A small **cotton wool pellet** is placed over the canal orifices.
2. A layer of **Cavit** (a temporary filling material) is placed over the cotton wool.
3. The remainder of the access cavity is filled with **IRM** (Intermediate Restorative Material).
The image displays a sequence of dental procedures, showing the treatment of a tooth.
The main image shows a close-up of a tooth restoration, possibly a crown or large filling, that has been sectioned or broken to reveal the internal structure. It shows a central white material (likely restorative cement or composite core) surrounded by a grayish material (dentin/old restoration) and an outer metallic layer. To the right is an adjacent tooth.
On the left side, there is a sequence of three smaller images indicated by red arrows, showing the progress of the tooth preparation:
1. **Bottom image:** A tooth with a dark, failing restoration and decay, partially isolated with a rubber dam.
2. **Middle image:** The tooth prepared, possibly with a metal matrix band in place, showing the removal of old restorative material and decay, and likely core buildup placement. A preparation margin is visible.
3. **Top image:** A further stage, showing the tooth structure (or remaining core) that has been prepared, possibly for a full crown, with a visible post or core material exposed, ready for the final restoration.
An image showing progressive dental restoration steps.
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=1|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.1]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=2|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.2]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=3|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.3]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=13|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.13]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=14|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.14]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=15|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.15]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=16|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.16]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=17|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.17]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=18|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.18]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=19|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.19]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=20|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.20]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=21|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.21]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=22|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.22]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=23|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.23]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=24|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.24]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=25|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.25]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=26|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.26]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=27|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.27]]
[[Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals.pdf#page=28|Instrumentation and Preparation of Root Canals, p.28]]