**Occlusion**
**Mandibular movements**
Dr V. Matsubara
![]()
3D illustration of a mandible with a dashed line indicating movement trajectory
# **Occlusion and Mandibular movements**
Dr V. Matsubara
> [!info]
> This lecture revisits and expands on the concepts of mandibular movements, focusing on their description across different planes, the distinction between maximum (border) movements and typical (functional) movements, and the underlying biomechanics of the jaw. Understanding these concepts is crucial for diagnosing problems and designing effective, long-lasting dental restorations and prostheses.
Learning outcomes
- Describe the mandibular border movements in the Sagittal, Frontal and Horizontal planes
- Differentiate Border movements and Functional movements
- Understand the Posselt’s Envelope of mandibular movement
- Understand the Gothic arch tracing
- Discuss biomechanics of the Temporomandibular joint
## **Learning outcomes**
- Describe the mandibular border movements in the Sagittal, Frontal and Horizontal planes
- Differentiate Border movements and Functional movements
- Understand the Posselt’s Envelope of mandibular movement
- Understand the Gothic arch tracing
- Discuss biomechanics of the Temporomandibular joint
**MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS**
Movement: the act or process of moving, changing place, position or posture
Description of movements depends on the viewer perspective or viewer’s position.
![]()
A sailboat named "MERIT" navigating through rough, dark waters with visible waves and crew on board.
# **MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS**
Movement: the act or process of moving, changing place, position or posture
Description of movements depends on the viewer perspective or viewer’s position.
> [!note]
> To fully describe the complex, three-dimensional movement of the mandible, it must be broken down and analyzed from three distinct planes.
![]()
Two yellow dots on a black background
Is this the ....
**FRONT VIEW (Coronal plane) ???**
**LATERAL VIEW (Sagittal plane) ??**
**TOP VIEW (Transverse or horizontal plane) ?**
The perception of motion is subjective and depends on the viewer's point of view
## **Planes of Movement**
> [!info]
> A single movement of the jaw will have a different trajectory when projected onto each of the three anatomical planes. To completely describe a mandibular movement, one must specify the plane of observation.
Is this the ....
- **FRONT VIEW (Coronal plane) ???**
- **LATERAL VIEW (Sagittal plane) ??**
- **TOP VIEW (Transverse or horizontal plane) ?**
The perception of motion is subjective and depends on the viewer's point of view
![]()
Trajectory of the object shown as a yellow line connecting two yellow dots on a black background.
Transverse or Horizontal plane
![]()
Diagram showing a transverse or horizontal plane with a yellow path and a human figure labeled with anatomical directions (Superior, Inferior, Medial, Lateral) and the transverse plane.
- Transverse or Horizontal plane
Coronal or Frontal plane
![]()
Diagram illustrating the Coronal or Frontal plane with a yellow line and labeled points, alongside a figure showing the dorsal (back side) and ventral (front side) of a human body.
- Coronal or Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
![]()
Diagram illustrating the sagittal plane with a human figure and a 3D representation showing a yellow path intersecting a plane labeled 'S'.
- Sagittal plane
![]()
Diagram showing anatomical planes of motion with labeled axes (H, S, F) and a 3D trajectory path, alongside a figure illustrating sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes on a human body.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
- Maximum extension of the mandibular motion
- Reference points
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular border movements with labeled planes: Frontal, Sagittal, Horizontal.
# **MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
- Maximum extension of the mandibular motion
- Reference points
> [!tip]
> In contrast, **functional movements**, such as chewing and speaking, occur within the boundaries established by these border movements.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**Sagittal plane:**
- Protrusion and Opening
**Horizontal plane:**
- Laterotrusion
**Frontal plane:**
- Lateral and Opening
## **Overview of Movements by Plane**
- **Sagittal plane:**
- Protrusion and Opening
- ==Lateral movements are not clearly visible as the object only appears to change size.==
- **Horizontal plane:**
- Laterotrusion
- ==Opening is not visible.==
- **Frontal plane:**
- Lateral and Opening
- ==Protrusion is not visible.==
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
Centric Relation: a maxillomandibular relationship independent of tooth contact, the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against the posterior slopes of the articular eminences.
*Journal Of Prosthetic Dentistry - Glossary Of Prosthodontic Terms 9th Ed*
## **Border Movements in Detail**
### **SAGITTAL PLANE**
> [!note]
> The starting point for describing sagittal plane movements is **Centric Relation (CR)**, a slightly retruded position where the condyles are in their optimal position within the glenoid fossa, and there is no tooth contact.
**Centric Relation:** a maxillomandibular relationship independent of tooth contact, the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against the posterior slopes of the articular eminences.
*Journal Of Prosthetic Dentistry - Glossary Of Prosthodontic Terms 9th Ed*
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram showing mandibular movements in the sagittal plane, including labels for MIP and CR.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular border movements in the sagittal plane, showing dental occlusion, mandibular outline, and a path from CR to MIP.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular border movements in the sagittal plane, showing anterior guidance with labeled tooth occlusion and jaw movement path.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular border movements in the sagittal plane, showing tooth occlusion and a labeled "Edge-to-edge" position.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular border movements in the sagittal plane, showing tooth occlusion and jaw movement paths.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram showing mandibular border movements in the sagittal plane with a red dotted line indicating the movement path and a red dot marking a specific point on the mandible.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
*Superior Contact Border Movements*
**Maximum Protrusion**
#### **Superior Contact Border Movements**
This path is traced when the teeth are in contact.
1. ==**CR to MIP:** The jaw moves slightly up and forward from Centric Relation to the **Maximum Intercuspal Position (MIP)**, also known as the Intercuspal Position (ICP).==
2. ==**Anterior Guidance:** From MIP, as the mandible protrudes, the lower incisors glide along the lingual surfaces of the upper incisors, causing posterior disocclusion.==
3. ==**Edge-to-Edge:** The protrusive movement continues until the incisors meet edge-to-edge, which appears as a plateau on the movement diagram.==
4. ==**Maximum Protrusion:** Moving past the edge-to-edge position, the jaw can close slightly more as it reaches its maximum forward limit.==
**Maximum Protrusion**
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
**Posterior Opening Border Movements**
**1st Stage:**
- Pure rotation of condyle
- Terminal hinge axis
- Up to 2 cm of opening
#### **Posterior Opening Border Movements**
- **1st Stage:**
- Pure rotation of condyle
- Terminal hinge axis
- Up to 2 cm of opening
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
*Posterior Opening Border Movements*
- **1st Stage**
- **2nd Stage**
*Rotation + Translation*
- **Maximum Opening**
- **2nd Stage**
- Rotation + Translation
- ==As opening continues towards the maximum, the condyles translate forward and downward. This changes the arc of the opening path.==
- **Maximum Opening**
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
Anterior Opening
Border Movements
#### **Anterior Opening Border Movements**
> [!info]
> This path connects the anterior and posterior limits of movement. From the maximum opening position, the jaw closes while moving forward, tracing a path up to the point of maximum protrusion.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
1. Posterior Opening Border
2. Anterior Opening Border
3. Superior Contact Border
4. Typical Functional movements - chewing
*(not part of the border movements)*
#### **Summary of Sagittal Plane Movements**
1. Posterior Opening Border
2. Anterior Opening Border
3. Superior Contact Border
4. Typical Functional movements - chewing
*(not part of the border movements)*
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**SAGITTAL PLANE**
**CO = MIP**
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular border movements in the sagittal plane, showing a white line tracing the movement path on a blue background.
**CO = MIP**
> [!note]
> If a patient's Centric Occlusion (CO), which is the occlusion in Centric Relation, coincides with their MIP, the starting point of the superior contact path will be the same as the endpoint of the initial closure.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Head upright Position</th>
<th>Head tilted backward 45°</th>
<th>Head tilted Forward 30°</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>CR<br>MIP (ICP)</td>
<td>CR<br>MIP (ICP)</td>
<td>CR<br>MIP (ICP)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. 7th
#### **Effect of Head Position**
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>Head upright Position</strong></th>
<th><strong>Head tilted backward 45°</strong></th>
<th><strong>Head tilted Forward 30°</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>CR<br>MIP (ICP)</td>
<td>CR<br>MIP (ICP)</td>
<td>CR<br>MIP (ICP)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
*Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. 7th*
Head posture significantly affects mandibular position and must be controlled during clinical procedures like bite registration.
- ==**Upright Position:** This is the ideal position for capturing a patient's true MIP. The patient should be sitting upright without a headrest.==
- ==**Head Tilted Backwards:** The depressor muscles of the mandible are stretched, causing the jaw to retrude. A bite registration taken in this position may inadvertently capture CR or a position between CR and MIP.==
- ==**Head Tilted Forwards:** Gravity will pull the mandible forward, leading to an inaccurate, protruded bite registration.==
> [!warning] Clinical Relevance
> This is especially critical for fabricating **full dentures**, where there are no existing teeth to guide the patient into MIP. An incorrect bite registration due to head posture can lead to a prosthesis with a poor fit and function. Final occlusal adjustments on any restoration should be double-checked with the patient sitting upright.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**HORIZONTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram of mandible showing border movements in the horizontal plane, with arrows indicating direction of motion.
### **HORIZONTAL PLANE**
> [!info]
> Movements in this plane are viewed from above, tracing a diamond or shield shape. The starting point is **Centric Relation (CR)**.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**HORIZONTAL PLANE**
Maximum laterotrusion left
Maximum laterotrusion left
> [!note]
> From the left lateral position, it moves in a forward arc to **maximum protrusion**. During this phase, both lateral pterygoid muscles are contracting.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**HORIZONTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular border movements in the horizontal plane, highlighting "Maximum protrusion" with a labeled arrow and a red dot on the mandible.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**HORIZONTAL PLANE**
Maximum laterotrusion right
Maximum laterotrusion right
> [!note]
> From the right lateral position, it moves in another forward arc back to maximum protrusion, completing the envelope.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**HORIZONTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram showing mandibular border movements in the horizontal plane, with a label pointing to "Maximum protrusion".
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**HORIZONTAL PLANE**
1. Lateral to the left
2. Lateral to the left followed by protrusion
3. Lateral to the right
4. Lateral to the right followed by protrusion
*Posterior*
*Anterior*
*MIP*
![]()
Diagram of mandibular border movements in horizontal plane, showing labeled paths and points (CR, MIP) on a diamond-shaped trajectory.
#### **Summary of Horizontal Plane Movements**
1. Lateral to the left
2. Lateral to the left followed by protrusion
3. Lateral to the right
4. Lateral to the right followed by protrusion
- *Posterior*
- *Anterior*
- *MIP*
> [!tip]
> **MIP** is typically located slightly anterior to CR.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**HORIZONTAL PLANE**
EC = Early chewing movements
LC = Late chewing movements
EEP = Edge-to-edge position
MIP
![]()
Diagram showing mandibular border movements in the horizontal plane with labeled points: CR, MIP, EC, LC, EEP.
#### **Functional Movements in the Horizontal Plane**
> [!info]
> The pattern of chewing movements (masticatory cycle) varies with the food being chewed.
- **EC** = Early chewing movements
- **LC** = Late chewing movements
- **EEP** = Edge-to-edge position
- **MIP**
> [!tip]
> The **edge-to-edge position** is outside the normal functional chewing cycle for a person with a normal occlusion.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**FRONTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular border movements in the frontal plane, showing canine or GF guidance, MIP, and maximum lateral movement to the LHS.
### **FRONTAL PLANE**
> [!info]
> Movements in this plane are viewed from the front, starting from **MIP**.
> 1. From MIP, the jaw moves laterally. The path is typically concave (curving upwards) due to guidance from the canines (**canine guidance**) or posterior teeth (**group function**).
> 2. From the maximum lateral position, the jaw opens to the point of **maximum opening**.
> 3. The jaw then closes back towards MIP, often moving to the opposite side to begin the next cycle. The paths are often not symmetrical.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**FRONTAL PLANE**
Maximum opening position
Maximum opening position
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**FRONTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram of mandibular border movements in the frontal plane, showing the jaw outline with movement paths and reference points.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**FRONTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram of mandibular border movements in the frontal plane, showing the jaw outline with movement paths and key points marked.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**FRONTAL PLANE**
3. Superior lateral to the right
4. Opening lateral to the right
1. Superior lateral to the left
2. Opening lateral to the left
PP = Postural position
#### **Summary of Frontal Plane Movements**
- 3. Superior lateral to the right
- 4. Opening lateral to the right
- 1. Superior lateral to the left
- 2. Opening lateral to the left
- **PP** = Postural position
- ==**Postural Position (PP)** is the relaxed state of the mandible, with the masticatory muscles in a state of tonic contraction and no tooth contact. It is located slightly below MIP and corresponds to the **rest vertical dimension**.==
- ==**Functional (Chewing) Cycle:** This is a smaller teardrop-shaped loop within the border envelope.==
- ==In a patient with good **canine guidance**, the chewing cycle typically starts and ends at the same point (MIP).==
- ==In a patient with **worn dentition** and no canine guidance, the start and end points of the cycle are less consistent.==
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**FRONTAL PLANE**
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular border movements in the frontal plane, showing a shield-shaped outline with labeled points and directional arrows, including "MIP" at the top center.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**POSSELT’S ENVELOPE OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT**
![]()
Mandibular border movement diagram showing Posselt's envelope with labeled points (MP, LL, LR, MIP, CR) and pathways for rotation and rotation + translation, indicating movements with and without occlusal contacts.
## **POSSELT’S ENVELOPE OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT**
> [!abstract]
> When the border movements from all three planes (sagittal, horizontal, and frontal) are combined, they form a three-dimensional solid figure known as **Posselt’s Envelope of Motion**. This envelope represents the total space within which the mandible can move. The surfaces of the envelope are determined by the anatomy of the TMJs, ligaments, and teeth.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**Gothic Arch Tracing (Gysi)**
![]()
Diagram showing three types of Gothic Arch Tracings: Typical, Asymmetric, and Flat, each labeled with "CR" at the apex.
![]()
Two images: one showing a dental articulator with a red Gothic arch tracing device, and another showing a patient wearing the device in their mouth.
## **Gothic Arch Tracing (Gysi)**
> [!info]
> A Gothic arch tracing is a simplified, two-dimensional recording of the horizontal border movements, often used in the fabrication of full dentures.
> - **Mechanism:** A pin attached to one dental arch traces movements onto a platform attached to the opposing arch.
> - **Interpretation:** The tracing creates an arrowhead shape. The sharp **tip of the arrow** represents **Centric Relation (CR)**, and the two sides represent the paths of left and right lateral movements.
> - **Clinical Use:** It helps clinicians verify the CR position and see its relationship to MIP. It can identify a **Long Centric** (MIP is anterior to CR) or an **Eccentric** position (MIP is to the side of the path from CR).
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
Gothic Arch Tracing (Gysi)
```mermaid
graph TD
A[CR = MIP (Centric Occlusion)] --> B[LR]
A --> C[LL]
A --> D[Protrusion]
D --> E[MIP]
```
*Note: The diagram illustrates the mandibular border movements with Gothic Arch Tracing, showing the relationship between CR (Centric Relation) and MIP (Maximum Intercuspal Position) as the same point (Centric Occlusion), with directional movements labeled LR (Left Lateral), LL (Right Lateral), and Protrusion. The point labeled MIP is positioned slightly below the apex of the arch, indicating its relation to the border movements.*
```mermaid
graph TD
A[CR = MIP (Centric Occlusion)] --> B[LR]
A --> C[LL]
A --> D[Protrusion]
D --> E[MIP]
```
*Note: The diagram illustrates the mandibular border movements with Gothic Arch Tracing, showing the relationship between CR (Centric Relation) and MIP (Maximum Intercuspal Position) as the same point (Centric Occlusion), with directional movements labeled LR (Left Lateral), LL (Right Lateral), and Protrusion. The point labeled MIP is positioned slightly below the apex of the arch, indicating its relation to the border movements.*
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
Gothic Arch Tracing (Gysi)
```mermaid
graph TD
CR --> RE
CR --> LE
CR --> MIP
MIP --> Protrusion
```
```mermaid
graph TD
CR --> RE
CR --> LE
CR --> MIP
MIP --> Protrusion
```
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
Pantograph
* Pantographic tracing
Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th Ed
![]()
A person wearing a pantograph device for recording mandibular movements.
## **Pantograph**
- Pantographic tracing
> [!note]
> These recordings can then be used to program a fully adjustable articulator to replicate the patient's unique jaw movements.
*Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th Ed*
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
**Digital Pantograph**
- Designed to record and measure functional and border movements
- Possible to adjust digital articulators automatically
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwGjY-jOsf8
### **Digital Pantograph**
- Designed to record and measure functional and border movements
- Possible to adjust digital articulators automatically
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwGjY-jOsf8
> [!tip] Research Applications
> Modern digital pantographs are used in research to study and assess masticatory function. Studies show that chewing patterns vary and provide diagnostic information:
> - ==**Soft Food:** Many cycles, narrow width.==
> - ==**Hard Food:** Fewer cycles, wider opening.==
> - ==**Chewing Gum:** Fewer cycles, very wide movements.==
> - ==**Canine Guidance:** A consistent, repeatable chewing cycle that starts and ends at MIP.==
> - ==**Worn Dentition:** A less consistent cycle without a single, defined start/end point.==
> - ==**Malocclusion/Disc Displacement:** An arbitrary, non-patterned movement, indicating dysfunction.==
![]()
Frontal plane diagram comparing mandibular border movements when chewing soft food (cheese), hard food (carrot), and gum.
**MANDIBULAR BORDER MOVEMENTS**
Frontal plane
![]()
Diagram showing mandibular border movements in the frontal plane for three different subjects (A, B, C), with labels indicating occlusion type and subject details. Includes a scale (1 cm).
Frontal plane
# MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
LEVERS
![]()
Illustration of a person using a lever to move a large rock.
# **BIOMECHANICS OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS**
## **LEVERS**
# MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
## CLASSES OF LEVER
- According to the location of the load and effort
### Class I
**Effort** ↓
**Load** ↓
Fulcrum
### Class II
**Load** ↓
Fulcrum
**Effort** ↑
### Class III
**Load** ↓
Fulcrum
**Effort** ↑
Mechanically efficient
Mechanically inefficient
### **CLASSES OF LEVER**
- According to the location of the load and effort
#### **Class I**
- **Effort** ↓
- **Load** ↓
- Fulcrum
#### **Class II**
- **Load** ↓
- Fulcrum
- **Effort** ↑
- Mechanically efficient
- ==*Example:* The ankle, where the body's weight (load) is lifted by the calf muscle (effort) with the ball of the foot as the fulcrum.==
#### **Class III**
- **Load** ↓
- Fulcrum
- ==*Example:* The joint between the skull and spine, where neck muscles (effort) balance the head's weight (load) over the spine (fulcrum).==
- **Effort** ↑
- Mechanically inefficient
- ==*Example:* The elbow joint, where the biceps muscle (effort) lifts an object in the hand (load) with the elbow as the fulcrum.==
**MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS**
![]()
Diagram illustrating mandibular movements with labeled anatomical structures and lever system analogies.
**MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS**
*Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th Ed*
![]()
Diagram showing the lateral view of a human skull with the temporalis and masseter muscles highlighted in red, indicating their role in mandibular movements. Arrows show the direction of muscle pull.
*Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th Ed*
**MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS**
Lever Class III
Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th Ed
![]()
Diagram illustrating Lever Class III mandibular movements, showing two lateral views of the human skull with highlighted temporalis and masseter muscles, arrows indicating muscle force direction, and labeled points (A, E, F) representing anatomical landmarks related to the lever system.
### **The Mandible as a Lever System**
Lever Class III
*Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th Ed*
**MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS**
**Lever Class III**
*Protection of TMJ and teeth*
*Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th Ed*
![]()
Diagram illustrating Lever Class III mandibular movement, showing muscle action (E), fulcrum (F), and food placement point. Text box notes: "Food is more easily crushed as it is placed farther back in the mouth."
**Lever Class III
> [!info]
> - **Fulcrum:** The condyle within the TMJ.
> - **Effort:** The contraction of the masticatory muscles (e.g., masseter, temporalis).
> - **Load:** The food bolus being crushed between the teeth.
**
*Protection of TMJ and teeth*
*Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics 4th Ed*
> [!success] Biomechanical Advantage
> Although mechanically inefficient, the Class III lever design is highly advantageous for the jaw because it **preserves and protects the fulcrum (the TMJ)** from excessive forces. If the muscle insertion were further from the joint (like a Class II lever), the forces on the condyle and disc would be immense.
> This system also protects the teeth. The greatest biting force is generated closest to the muscle attachment (effort), which is in the molar region. The molars are structurally designed to withstand these high forces. The anterior teeth, being further from the muscle, receive significantly less pressure, which is consistent with their function of incising and guiding, not heavy grinding. This highlights the importance of creating restorations that function in harmony with the existing biomechanical system.
![]()
Two textbook covers: 'Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion' by Jeffrey P. Okeson and 'Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics' by Rosenstiel, Land, and Fujimoto.
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=1|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.1]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=2|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.2]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=3|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.3]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=4|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.4]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=5|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.5]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=6|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.6]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=7|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.7]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=8|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.8]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=9|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.9]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=10|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.10]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=11|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.11]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=12|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.12]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=13|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.13]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=14|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.14]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=15|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.15]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=16|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.16]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=17|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.17]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=18|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.18]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=19|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.19]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=20|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.20]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=21|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.21]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=22|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.22]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=23|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.23]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=24|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.24]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=25|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.25]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=26|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.26]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=27|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.27]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=28|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.28]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=29|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.29]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=30|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.30]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=31|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.31]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=32|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.32]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=33|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.33]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=34|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.34]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=35|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.35]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=36|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.36]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=37|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.37]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=38|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.38]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=39|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.39]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=40|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.40]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=41|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.41]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=42|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.42]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=43|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.43]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=44|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.44]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=45|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.45]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=46|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.46]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=47|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.47]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=48|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.48]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=49|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.49]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=50|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.50]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=51|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.51]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=52|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.52]]
[[M5 Mandibular Movments.pdf#page=53|M5 Mandibular Movments, p.53]]