**DENT 5301: Oral Medicine I**
THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
SEEK WISDOM
Blood testing,
histopathology,
microbiological
investigations
and skin testing
Dr Agnieszka Frydrych
#### Course and Clinical Overview
**DENT 5301: Oral Medicine I**
This section covers the essential diagnostic protocols used in the field of Oral Medicine, focusing on the following investigative modalities:
- Blood testing
- Histopathology
- Microbiological investigations
- Skin testing
**Lead Clinician:**
Dr Agnieszka Frydrych
![]()
Clinical photograph showing a patient's upper back with multiple skin testing patches applied in rows. The patches contain numbered circular areas (e.g., 1-6, 11-16, 21-26) and are marked with small 'X' symbols, consistent with intradermal allergy or sensitivity testing procedures.
Why is this important?
- In some instances, investigations may be required to help:
→ Make or confirm the diagnosis
→ Establish prognosis
→ Exclude some diagnosis
#### The Importance of Clinical Investigations
In some instances, investigations may be required to help:
- Make or confirm the diagnosis
- Establish prognosis
- Exclude some diagnosis
![]()
Clinical photo showing an intraoral view of the buccal mucosa with a white, patchy lesion suggestive of oral lichen planus or candidiasis. Visible teeth and gingiva in background.
![]()
Clinical photo displaying an erythematous, ulcerated area on the buccal mucosa, possibly indicating oral squamous cell carcinoma or severe inflammatory condition. Adjacent teeth visible.
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Clinical photo showing another intraoral site with localized redness and possible early lesion near a tooth. Dental instrument (mirror) partially visible on right side.
# Investigations – Blood testing
- FBC / FBP
- CRP
- Coagulation screen
- Iron studies
- B12
- Folate
- Blood glucose
- GTT
- Glycated haemoglobin
- U & E
- LFT
- Ca
- Phosphate
- Alkaline phosphatase
- Serology
#### Common Blood Testing Panels
- FBC / FBP (Full Blood Count / Full Blood Picture)
- CRP (C-Reactive Protein)
- Coagulation screen
- Iron studies
- B12
- Folate
- Blood glucose
- GTT (Glucose Tolerance Test)
- Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)
- U & E (Urea and Electrolytes)
- LFT (Liver Function Test)
- Ca (Calcium)
- Phosphate
- Alkaline phosphatase
- Serology
**Investigations – Blood testing**
**Pathology Report**
Printed
SUITE 3/42-44 PARLIAMENT PLA
WEST PERTH 6005
CC Drs: A FRYDRYCH.
Collection Date:
Sex: F
ROUTINE HAEMATLOGY:
(RCC 3.90)
(PCV 0.360)
HAEMOGLOBIN
MCV
RDW
MCHC
PLATELETS
124
92
13
343
219
(115 - 155)
(82 - 98)
(< 16)
(320 - 360)
(150 - 400)
g/L
fL
%
g/L
9/L
WHITE CELLS
7.9
(4.0 - 11.0)
9/L
Neut
Lymph
Mono
Eosin
75%
18%
7%
0%
5.9
1.4
0.6
0.0
(1.8 - 7.5)
(1.2 - 4.0)
(0.1 - 1.2)
(< 0.7)
"
"
COMMENT: Red cells, white cells and platelets within normal limits.
#### Pathology Report: Routine Haematology
**Patient Details:**
- Sex: F
- Referring Doctor: A. Frydrych
**Haematology Results:**
- **Haemoglobin:** 124 g/L (Reference: 115 - 155)
- **MCV:** 92 fL (Reference: 82 - 98)
- **RDW:** 13 % (Reference: < 16)
- **MCHC:** 343 g/L (Reference: 320 - 360)
- **Platelets:** 219 x 10^9/L (Reference: 150 - 400)
- **White Cells:** 7.9 x 10^9/L (Reference: 4.0 - 11.0)
**Differential Count:**
- **Neutrophils:** 75% (5.9 x 10^9/L) [Reference: 1.8 - 7.5]
- **Lymphocytes:** 18% (1.4 x 10^9/L) [Reference: 1.2 - 4.0]
- **Monocytes:** 7% (0.6 x 10^9/L) [Reference: 0.1 - 1.2]
- **Eosinophils:** 0% (0.0 x 10^9/L) [Reference: < 0.7]
**Comment:** Red cells, white cells and platelets within normal limits.
![]()
Pathology report table for ROUTINE HAEMATLOGY. The table is structured with columns for test names (e.g., HAEMOGLOBIN, MCV, PLATELETS), patient values, reference ranges in parentheses, and units of measurement. It includes specific sections for Red Cell indices (RCC, PCV) and White Cell differentials (Neut, Lymph, Mono, Eosin). A footer comment states: 'Red cells, white cells and platelets within normal limits.'
**Investigations – Blood testing**
Investigations – Blood testing
![]()
Clinical photo of an open mouth showing the hard and soft palate with white, patchy lesions (likely candidiasis or similar oral pathology) against a red mucosal background.
![]()
Clinical photo of the inside of a cheek (buccal mucosa) showing smooth pink tissue with minor irregularities or small lesions.
![]()
Clinical photo of a tongue protruding from the mouth, showing the dorsal surface which appears relatively smooth with some central fissures.
**Investigations – Blood testing**
**Sex: F**
**ROUTINE HAEMATOLOGY:**
(RCC 3.90)
(PCV 0.360)
| MEASURE | VALUE | RANGE | UNIT |
|------------------|-------|------------|------|
| HAEMOGLOBIN | 124 | (115 - 155)| g/L |
| MCV | 92 | (82 - 98) | fL |
| RDW | 13 | (< 16) | % |
| MCHC | 343 | (320 - 360)| g/L |
| PLATELETS | 219 | (150 - 400)| 9/L |
| WHITE CELLS | 7.9 | (4.0 - 11.0)| 9/L |
| Neut | 75% | 5.9 | (1.8 - 7.5) " |
| Lymph | 18% | 1.4 | (1.2 - 4.0) " |
| Mono | 7% | 0.6 | (0.1 - 1.2) " |
| Eosin | 0% | 0.0 | (< 0.7) " |
COMMENT: Red cells, white cells and platelets within normal limits.
#### Routine Haematology Summary
| Measure | Value | Range | Unit |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| HAEMOGLOBIN | 124 | 115 - 155 | g/L |
| MCV | 92 | 82 - 98 | fL |
| RDW | 13 | < 16 | % |
| MCHC | 343 | 320 - 360 | g/L |
| PLATELETS | 219 | 150 - 400 | 9/L |
| WHITE CELLS | 7.9 | 4.0 - 11.0 | 9/L |
| Neutrophils | 75% (5.9) | 1.8 - 7.5 | 9/L |
| Lymphocytes | 18% (1.4) | 1.2 - 4.0 | 9/L |
| Monocytes | 7% (0.6) | 0.1 - 1.2 | 9/L |
| Eosinophils | 0% (0.0) | < 0.7 | 9/L |
**Comment:** Red cells, white cells and platelets within normal limits.
![]()
A clinical pathology report table titled 'Pathology Report' showing a 'ROUTINE HAEMATOLOGY' test. The table lists blood parameters including Haemoglobin (124 g/L), MCV (92 fL), RDW (13%), and Platelets (219 9/L), with corresponding reference ranges. An annotation highlights the MCV value in a red circle, accompanied by a red text label reading 'Mean cell volume'. A comment at the bottom states that red cells, white cells, and platelets are within normal limits.
# Investigations – Blood testing
- Coagulation screen
- APTT
- PT
- Fibrinogen
- Thrombin time
- FBC
- Platelet count
- Platelet function
```mermaid
graph TD
subgraph Coagulation Cascade
XII --> XI
XI --> IX
IX --> VIII
VIII --> X
TF[Tissue factor] --> VII
VII --> X
subgraph Common pathway
X --> Prothrombin_II[Prothrombin II]
Prothrombin_II --> Thrombin
T_C_L[Ca++ / Lipids / V] -.-> Thrombin
Thrombin --> Fibrinogen_I[Fibrinogen I]
Fibrinogen_I --> Fibrin_clot_XIII[Fibrin clot XIII]
end
XII -.-> APTT[aPartial Thromboplastin Time]
TF -.-> PT[Prothrombin Time]
end
```
#### Coagulation Assessment Components
- APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)
- PT (Prothrombin Time)
- Fibrinogen
- Thrombin time
- FBC (Full Blood Count)
- Platelet count
- Platelet function
#### Coagulation Cascade Overview
1. **Intrinsic Pathway:** Factor XII → XI → IX → VIII → Factor X
- Monitored by: APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)
2. **Extrinsic Pathway:** Tissue Factor → Factor VII → Factor X
- Monitored by: PT (Prothrombin Time)
3. **Common Pathway:**
- Factor X converts Prothrombin (II) to Thrombin (aided by Ca++, Lipids, and Factor V).
- Thrombin converts Fibrinogen (I) to Fibrin.
- Fibrin forms the Fibrin Clot (Factor XIII).
![]()
Labelled diagram: 'Coagulation Cascade' showing the intrinsic pathway (green), extrinsic pathway (blue), and common pathway (red). The intrinsic pathway begins with factor XII and proceeds through XI, IX, VIII to factor X. The extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue factor activating factor VII, which also leads to factor X. Both pathways converge at factor X, which then activates prothrombin (II) into thrombin in the presence of V, Ca++, and lipids. Thrombin converts fibrinogen (I) into a fibrin clot (XIII). Labels include 'aPartial Thromboplastin Time', 'Prothrombin Time', and 'Common pathway'. Arrows indicate direction of activation.
**Investigations – Blood testing**
Investigations – Blood testing
![]()
Clinical photo showing a large, irregularly shaped bruise or hematoma on skin. The lesion is purple to dark red with surrounding erythema and scattered brownish macules (likely solar lentigines). Context suggests this may be a cutaneous manifestation investigated via blood testing.
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Intraoral clinical photo showing the buccal mucosa and tongue. There are multiple small petechiae visible on the inner cheek lining. A dental instrument is present near the lower teeth. This finding (mucosal bleeding) is consistent with coagulopathy assessed by blood testing.
# Investigations – Blood testing
**Pathology Report**
Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH
Collection Date: 17/01/14
Sex: F
**CUMULATIVE IRON STUDIES**
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Date</th>
<th>Iron umol/L</th>
<th>Transferrin umol/L</th>
<th>TFN Satn %</th>
<th>Ferritin ug/L</th>
<th>Lab.No.</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>09/06/</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>22</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17/01/</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>5</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17/01/</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>5</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ref:</td>
<td>(11 - 27)</td>
<td>(20 - 45)</td>
<td>(15 - 55)</td>
<td>(15 - 200)</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
85927248 Consistent with iron deficiency.
#### Cumulative Iron Studies Report
**Patient Details:**
- Sex: F
- Referring Doctor: A. Frydrych
| Date | Iron (umol/L) | Transferrin (umol/L) | TFN Satn (%) | Ferritin (ug/L) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 09/06 | 4 | 37 | 5 | 22 |
| 17/01 | - | - | - | 5 |
| **Ref Range** | **(11 - 27)** | **(20 - 45)** | **(15 - 55)** | **(15 - 200)** |
**Interpretation:** Results are consistent with iron deficiency.
![]()
A pathology report table titled 'CUMULATIVE IRON STUDIES' containing columns for Date, Iron umol/L, Transferrin umol/L, TFN Satn %, Ferritin ug/L, and Lab.No. The table lists three entries with dates 09/06/, 17/01/, and 17/01/, showing values such as Iron at 4 (ref 11-27) and Ferritin at 22 or 5 (ref 15-200). Below the data rows are reference ranges in parentheses. A final line states '85927248 Consistent with iron deficiency.'
# Investigations – Blood testing
![]()
Clinical photograph of the oral cavity showing the hard palate and maxillary teeth. The image displays white, reticular (net-like) striae characteristic of Oral Lichen Planus, along with erythematous areas on the mucosa. This visual serves as a clinical example relevant to investigations requiring blood testing.
Thought: The user wants me to extract and format the text from the provided image, which appears to be a pathology report for a Glucose Tolerance Test.
1. **Header Analysis:**
* Top banner text: "Western Diagnostic PATHOLOGY", "Pathology Report".
* Audio icon suggests audio might be associated, but I output text.
* Top right text: "Printed 1 / 1" or similar (cut off but looks like page count).
* Patient details: "DOB:", "Sex: F", "Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH", "Collection Date:".
2. **Test Details:**
* "GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (75g glucose load)"
3. **Results Table:**
* "Serum Glucose"
* Row 1: "Fasting . . . : 3.9 mmol/L"
* Row 2: "1 Hour . . . : 5.3 mmol/L"
* Row 3: "2 Hour . . . : 4.4 mmol/L"
4. **Reference Ranges / Interpretation Section:**
* "Impaired Fasting F 6.1 - 6.9"
* "Impaired Tolerance 2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0"
* "Diabetic F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0"
* "Gestational diabetes: F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9"
* "Normal Glucose Tolerance."
5. **Formatting Strategy:**
* I will convert the structured layout (results and ranges) into an HTML table as requested by the "FORMAT RULES - Tables in HTML".
* The page header and title will be formatted as Markdown text.
* I will ignore the ambiguous "Printed..." text as it seems like a footer/stamp that is partially obscured and less critical to the clinical data, but the instruction says "Extract all text". I'll put it in the main text block or just skip if clearly junk metadata not part of the report data. Looking at the instruction "DO NOT SAY ANYTHING ELSE", I should include it if it's text.
* The ranges ("Impaired", "Diabetic") look like headers for comparison values, distinct from the results rows. I'll structure the table with columns for parameter, result, unit, and ranges. Or just one table for the parameters and ranges. Actually, looking at the layout, the ranges are grouped. I will create a table that represents this data clearly.
Let's refine the table content based on the visual grouping:
* **Header Info:** Western Diagnostic / Pathology Report.
* **Patient Info:** Ref by DR.A. FRYDRYCH, Sex: F.
* **Test Title:** GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (75g glucose load).
* **Results Table:** Columns: Time/Parameter, Result, Unit.
* **Reference Ranges:** This section lists thresholds. I will format this as a separate table or list within the markdown text. A table is best for the results. The ranges are text lines.
Let's look at the rules again: "Format tables in HTML (only tables, NOTHING ELSE)." "All other formatting must be in Markdown."
So:
1. Markdown for the report header (Title, Patient info).
2. HTML Table for the "Serum Glucose" results.
3. HTML Table? Or Markdown for the reference ranges? The rules say "If the text on the page only makes sense in the context of a figure... treat the whole page as a figure...". This is a document, not a figure.
4. The section "Impaired Fasting / Impaired Tolerance / Diabetic" looks like a table of reference ranges. I will format that section as an HTML table for consistency and clarity, as it maps conditions to numerical values.
Structure Plan:
* **Text:** Western Diagnostic / Pathology Report
* **Text:** Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH, Sex: F
* **Text:** GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (75g glucose load)
* **Table 1:** Serum Glucose Results
* **Table 2:** Reference Ranges (Impaired Fasting, etc.)
* **Text:** Gestational diabetes, Normal Glucose Tolerance.
Wait, looking closer at the layout, the reference ranges are grouped.
Row: Impaired Fasting | Impaired Tolerance | Diabetic
Sub-row: F 6.1 - 6.9 | 2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0 | F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0
Sub-row: Gestational diabetes: F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9
Sub-row: Normal Glucose Tolerance
Let's just stick to the clearest Markdown/HTML mix.
I'll use one table for the glucose results.
And a markdown list or table for the interpretation ranges. The prompt asks to "FORMAT TABLES IN HTML". My own metabolic table (Rhesus) wasn't requested, but the PROMPT provided in the system instruction implies I might be transcribing a Metabolic Table (as per the thought process trace in the prompt). However, the user prompt is "Investigations - Blood testing". I must follow the user prompt, not the prompt trace.
Let's proceed with extracting the text for "Investigations - Blood testing".
* Header:
**Western Diagnostic**
**PATHOLOGY**
**Pathology Report**
Ref. by **DR.A. FRYDRYCH**
Sex: **F**
* Title: **GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST** (75g glucose load)
* Table for Results:
<table><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Result</th><th>Unit</th></tr>
<tr><td>Fasting</td><td>3.9</td><td>mmol/L</td></tr>
<tr><td>1 Hour</td><td>5.3</td><td>mmol/L</td></tr>
<tr><td>2 Hour</td><td>4.4</td><td>mmol/L</td></tr>
</table>
* Table for Ranges (A bit complex to map rows).
The layout is:
Row 1 Headers: **Impaired Fasting** | **Impaired Tolerance** | **Diabetic**
Row 2 Values: **F 6.1 - 6.9** | **2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0** | **F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0**
Row 3: **Gestational diabetes:** **F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9**
Row 4: **Normal Glucose Tolerance.**
I will create a table to represent the ranges for clarity.
Col 1: Impaired Fasting, Gestational Diabetes (F range)
Col 2: Impaired Tolerance, Diabetic (F range)
Col 3: Impaired Tolerance (2h), Diabetic (2h range)
Actually, the image groups them.
[Impaired Fasting / F 6.1 - 6.9] [Impaired Tolerance / 2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0] [Diabetic / F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0]
This is a 3-column layout.
I will make a table for the reference values.
Final plan:
1. Markdown Header info.
2. Markdown Header "GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST".
3. HTML Table for Serum Glucose results.
4. HTML Table for Reference Ranges.
5. Markdown for "Normal Glucose Tolerance" conclusion.
Refining the Reference Ranges Table:
It's actually 2 columns mostly, with the 3rd being Diabetic.
The lines are:
1. Impaired Fasting | Impaired Tolerance | Diabetic
2. F 6.1 - 6.9 | 2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0 | F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0
3. (Empty/Merged) | (Empty/Merged) | Gestational diabetes: F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9
4. (Empty/Merged) | (Empty/Merged) | Normal Glucose Tolerance. (Wait, Normal is separate).
Let's just list them clearly or put in a table. I'll use a table as it aligns the information best.
Headers: Condition | Criteria
Rows:
- Impaired Fasting | F 6.1 - 6.9
- Impaired Tolerance | 2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0
- Diabetic | F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0
- Gestational diabetes | F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9
- Normal Glucose Tolerance | (Implied < thresholds)
Wait, the prompt says "ONLY PROCESS THE TABLES".
Table 1: "Serum Glucose" results.
Table 2: Reference Ranges.
Let's check "References Ranges" text again.
"Impaired Fasting"
"Impaired Tolerance"
"Diabetic"
Below those:
"F 6.1 - 6.9"
"2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0"
"F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0"
Below that:
"Gestational diabetes: F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9"
Okay, I will format the results and ranges into tables.
Text Extraction Start.
"Western Diagnostic"
"PAT HOLOGY"
"Pathology Report"
"Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH"
"Sex: F"
"GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (75g glucose load)"
Table 1 (Results):
| Seru m Glucose | Result | Unit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fasting | 3.9 | mmol/L |
| 1 Hour | 5.3 | mmol/L |
| 2 Hour | 4.4 | mmol/L |
Table 2 (References):
This is tricky because the layout is a bit mixed.
I will separate "Impaired/Diabetic" (adults/general) from "Gestational".
Actually, the prompt says "If the text on the page only makes sense in the context of a figure or image (labels, names with no context), treat the whole page as a figure...".
This text DOES make sense without a figure. It's a standard report. So I will follow the table rules.
Wait, I should check the OCR again.
"Seru m Glucose" -> "Serum Glucose" (OCR had a typo 'm'). I will correct spelling if obvious context holds it. The image clearly says "Serum".
"Impaired Tolerance" -> "Impaired Tolerance"
"Diabetic" -> "Diabetic"
"Gestational diabetes"
"Normal Glucose Tolerance"
"Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH"
"Sex: F"
"Collection Date:" (blank)
Let's structure the final output.
I'll format the "Serum Glucose" part as one HTML table.
And the "Impaired/Diabetic/Gestational" part as another HTML table.
One specific constraint: "If the text on the page only makes sense in the context of a figure or image (labels, names with no context), treat the whole page as a figure...".
Wait, the text "Western Diagnostic", "Pathology Report", patient info are generally considered text, but medical images often contain diagnostic "figures". However, this is a text-heavy document. I will treat the structured data as tables.
Let's stick to the prompt image's request for "Blood testing". The image provided is for "Investigations - Blood testing". The OCR text is for the inner document. I will use the OCR to build the tables.
One more check: "DO NOT ADD ANYTHING TO THE TEXT ITSELF."
But "format tables in HTML".
And "extract all text from this PDF page image".
So I need to include headers and non-tabular text as well.
Final check on OCR errors: "Seru m" in PDF text -> "Serum" (visual check of image confirms "Serum"). "Collectio n Date" -> "Collection Date". "75g".
"3.9", "5.3", "4.4".
Reference values OCR:
"Impaired Fasting"
"Impaired Tolerance"
"Diabetic"
"F 6.1 - 6.9"
"2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0"
"F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0"
"Gestational diabetes: F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9"
"Normal Glucose Tolerance."
Okay, I'm ready. I'll format the data tables that I see.
Table 1: Glucose Results
Table 2: Reference Ranges.
For the Ranges table, I will interpret the columns:
Col 1: Criteria (Conditions)
Col 2: Values
It's easier to list them in a 2-column table.
Or a table with 3 columns to match the visual grouping (Fasting, Tolerance, Diabetic).
Actually, "Diabetic" spans Fasting > 6.9 AND 2 Hr > 11.0.
So:
Header: Condition | Fasting Criteria | 2 Hour Criteria
Row 1: Impaired Fasting | F 6.1 - 6.9 |
Row 2: Impaired Tolerance | | 2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0
Row 3: Diabetic | F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0 |
Row 4: Gestational Diabetes | F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9 |
This is a complex table to parse. A simple 2-column table is safer and cleaner.
Column 1: Category
Column 2: Value/Range
No, let's look at the "Gestational Diabetes" line. It is at the bottom. "Normal Glucose Tolerance" is below that.
Let's try to replicate the visual structure as best as possible with HTML.
<table>
<tr><th>Impaired Fasting</th></tr>
<tr><td> F 6.1 - 6.9 </td></tr>
</table>
That's not right.
Okay, I will just create a descriptive table of the reference ranges.
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Condition</th><th>Criteria</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>Impaired Fasting</td><td>F 6.1 - 6.9</td></tr>
<tr><td>Impaired Tolerance</td><td>2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0</td></tr>
<tr><td>Diabetic</td><td>F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0</td></tr>
<tr><td>Gestational diabetes</td><td>F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
This covers the data well.
What about "Normal Glucose Tolerance"? It is listed as a result/finding at the bottom. It isn't a threshold. It's the diagnosis for this patient.
So it goes as text or a row. I'll put it as a row in the markdown (normal table). Or as an HTML row. I'll stick to HTML for the threshold tables to be consistent.
Wait, "Investigations - Blood testing" is the title of the slide.
The report content is inside.
I will format the slide title in Markdown.
Then the report content.
The prompt asks "Extract all text".
So:
Investigations – Blood testing (Markdown)
[Patient info] (Markdown)
[Test title] (Markdown)
[Results Table] (HTML)
[Reference Ranges Table] (HTML)
[Conclusion] (Markdown)
The specific instructions about "Format flowcharts as tables" and "Do not add anything" mean I cannot add summaries or reasons. Just the formatted output.
Refining "Table 1" - Serum Glucose.
The image lists:
Fasting: 3.9
1 Hour: 5.3
2 Hour: 4.4
Refining "Table 2" - Ranges.
The image splits "Impaired" into "Fasting" and "Tolerance". "Diabetic" is a diagnosis.
The text "Diabetic F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0" has "F" for fasting and "2 Hr" for 2 hour.
I should probably combine them in one cell for "Diabetic".
One detail from OCR: "Seru m Glucose". Correct to "Serum Glucose".
"75g glucose load".
Let's write it.
Wait, looking at the layout, the "Impaired" and "Diabetic" lines are grouped.
"Impaired Fasting" line is "F 6.1 - 6.9".
"Impaired Tolerance" line is "2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0".
"Diabetic" line is "F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0".
I will create a table with columns for the categories present in the image to be most accurate to the visual layout.
Col 1: Impaired Fasting
Col 2: Impaired Tolerance (2 Hr)
Col 3: Diabetic (F or 2 Hr)
Row 1: Values: F 6.1 - 6.9 | 2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0 | F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0
Row 2: Gestational Diabetes (spanning columns?): F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9
Row 3: Normal...
That is hard to format. I'll just stack them in a 2-column table for simplicity and readability.
Table:
| Category | Value |
|---|---|
| Impaired Fasting | F 6.1 - 6.9 |
| Impaired Tolerance | 2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0 |
| Diabetic | F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0 |
| Gestational Diabetes | F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9 |
Actually, looking at the image, the Diabetic range is split in the criteria row but it's one label.
Okay, final check on "Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH".
"Collection Date:" is blank.
"Western Diagnostic" is a logo/header.
"PATHOLOGY" is text.
"Pathology Report" is text.
I will include the header text in the Markdown.
One final check: The prompt says "Format tables in HTML (only tables, NOTHING ELSE)."
This usually means "If a table is present, format it as HTML. Do not output text that also constitutes a table in Markdown (e.g. pipes).".
So I will use Markdown for paragraph text (headers, patient info, footers) and HTML for data tables.
"Sex: F"
"Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH"
"GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (75g glucose load)"
HTML Table for Results.
HTML Table for Ranges.
What about "Normal Glucose Tolerance"? It is text. I'll put it as text.
What about "Gestational diabetes"? It's a condition title.
Let's go.
Wait, I notice the DOS in the prompt instructions. "Extract all text".
And the instruction "DO NOT ADD ANYTHING TO THE TEXT ITSELF."
I should make sure I don't add the "Table" wrapper too much, unless necessary for data.
The user wants the text. The "only tables" rule is for "if the text can be made into a table".
The prompt example "RAW TABLE" shows a list of messy text.
The instruction says: "Your response should start with `<thinking>`..." (which I am doing).
My response ends with `Format tables in HTML (only tables, NOTHING ELSE)` if the text is a table? No, that's just instruction to me.
The user wants me to output the text.
Let's execute.
Text:
Investigations – Blood testing
[Report Header Content]
Patient: Sex: F
Ref: DR.A. FRYDRYCH
Header 1: GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (75g glucose load)
Header 2: Serum Glucose
Table:
<table>
<tr>
<td>Fasting</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>mmol/L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 Hour</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>mmol/L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2 Hour</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>mmol/L</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
Impaired Fasting | Impaired Tolerance | Diabetic
F 6.1 - 6.9 | 2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0 | F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0
Gestational diabetes: F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9
Normal Glucose Tolerance.
The last part isn't really a table. The first two rows form a table. I'll format them as HTML.
Okay, the OCR says "Seru m Glucose". I will fix it to "Serum Glucose" as per "enhance accuracy". And "Pathology" (OCR said "PAT HOLOGY"). And "Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH". And "Collection Date:".
Final Output Construction.
**Investigations – Blood testing**
**Western Diagnostic**
**PATHOLOGY**
**Pathology Report**
**DOB:**
**Sex:** F
**Ref. by** DR.A. FRYDRYCH
**Collection Date:**
**P**rinted
**GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (75g glucose load)**
**Serum Glucose**
* **Fasting** : *3.9* mmol/L
* **1 Hour** : *5.3* mmol/L
* **2 Hour** : *4.4* mmol/L
<table>
<tr>
<th>Impaired Fasting</th>
<th>Impaired Tolerance</th>
<th>Diabetic</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>F 6.1 - 6.9</td>
<td>2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0</td>
<td>F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">Gestational diabetes: F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Normal Glucose Tolerance.</p>
The prompt is "Extract all text". I will interpret this as a Markdown extraction with HTML tables where appropriate for structure.
Wait, "Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH" looks like a reference.
Collection date is blank.
Looks good. I'll write it out.
**Investigations** – **Blood** **testing**
**Western Diagnostic**
**PATHOLOGY**
**Pathology Report**
**Ref. by** **DR.A. FRYDRYCH**
<table>
<colgroup>
<col span="1">
<col span="1">
<col span="1">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>DOB:</th>
<th>Sex:</th>
<th>Ref. by DR.A. FRYDRYCH Collection Date:</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
**GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST** (75g glucose load)
<table>
<colgroup>
<col span="1">
<col span="1">
<col span="1">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<th>Serum Glucose</th>
<th></th>
<th>mmol/L</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fasting</td>
<td>. . . :</td>
<td>3.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 Hour</td>
<td>. . . :</td>
<td>5.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2 Hour</td>
<td>. . . :</td>
<td>4.4</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col span="1">
<col span="1">
<col span="1">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<th>Impaired Fasting</th>
<th>Impaired Tolerance</th>
<th>Diabetic</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>F 6.1 - 6.9</td>
<td>2 Hr 7.8 - 11.0</td>
<td>F > 6.9 or 2 Hr > 11.0</td>
</tr>
</table>
Gestational diabetes: F > 5.4 or 2 Hr > 7.9
Normal Glucose Tolerance.
#### Glucose Tolerance Test (75g load)
**Serum Glucose Results:**
- **Fasting:** 3.9 mmol/L
- **1 Hour:** 5.3 mmol/L
- **2 Hour:** 4.4 mmol/L
**Diagnostic Reference Ranges:**
- **Impaired Fasting:** Fasting 6.1 - 6.9 mmol/L
- **Impaired Tolerance:** 2 Hour 7.8 - 11.0 mmol/L
- **Diabetic:** Fasting > 6.9 or 2 Hour > 11.0 mmol/L
- **Gestational Diabetes:** Fasting > 5.4 or 2 Hour > 7.9 mmol/L
**Conclusion:** Normal Glucose Tolerance.
![]()
A pathology report from Western Diagnostic displaying a Glucose Tolerance Test (75g glucose load) for a female patient. The table presents Serum Glucose results at Fasting (3.9 mmol/L), 1 Hour (5.3 mmol/L), and 2 Hour (4.4 mmol/L). Below the results, reference ranges are provided in a structured layout comparing 'Impaired Fasting', 'Impaired Tolerance', and 'Diabetic' criteria against the patient's values, concluding with a diagnosis of 'Normal Glucose Tolerance'.
# Investigations – Blood testing
![]()
Clinical photograph showing two side-by-side views of oral mucosa. The images display white, lacy reticular striae (Wickham striae) on a red background, characteristic of oral lichen planus. The left panel shows the buccal mucosa near teeth with visible vascular patterns; the right panel shows similar findings on another area of the cheek or gingiva. These visual findings are pertinent to investigations that may lead to blood testing for associated systemic conditions.
![]()
Pathology report table titled 'CUMULATIVE ELECTROLYTES (Serum)' showing patient blood test results. Columns include Na (139 mmol/L), K (4.0 mmol/L), Cl (102 mmol/L), HCO3 (25 mmol/L), Urea (4.2 mmol/L), and Creatinine (50 umol/L). Reference ranges are provided for each parameter. eGFR is listed as >90 mL/min/1.73m². Includes lab metadata such as collection date/time (17/01/09:41), sex (F), and reference physician (DR.A. FRYDRYCH).
# Investigations – Blood testing
* Ca
* Phosphate
* Alkaline phosphatase
* Serology
#### Additional Biochemical and Serological Analysis
- Ca (Calcium)
- Phosphate
- Alkaline phosphatase
- Serology
Investigations – Biopsy (**Investigations – Biopsy**)
## Indications:
**Checkmark** Lesions that have neoplastic or premalignant features or that are enlarging
#### Clinical Indications for Biopsy
- Lesions that have neoplastic or premalignant features
- Lesions that are enlarging
![]()
Clinical photo of an intraoral lesion on the left side of the hard palate. The image shows a reddish, irregular ulcerated area with some yellowish exudate or necrotic tissue. Surrounding teeth are visible, including molars and premolars. This visual supports the OCR text indicating 'lesions that have neoplastic or pre-malignant features' as a biopsy indication.
![]()
Clinical photo of another intraoral lesion on the right side of the hard palate. It displays a white, leathery patch (likely leukoplakia) surrounded by erythematous mucosa. The lesion appears raised and has a rough texture. This image also serves as a visual example for the biopsy indications mentioned in the OCR text regarding neoplastic or pre-malignant features.
Investigations – Biopsy
![]()
Clinical photograph of a human tongue showing the dorsal surface with visible papillae and a small, pale lesion on the right lateral side. The image is framed within a blue slide background titled 'Investigations – Biopsy', indicating this photo demonstrates a specific clinical finding relevant to biopsy investigation.
# Investigations – Biopsy
**Non-pigmented lesion**
### Left Branch:
**Possible etiological factors present:**
- Smoking
- Contact lesion (medication, amalgam filling, betel)
- Suspicion of candidosis
- Mechanical trauma (cheek biting, sharp tooth or filling, ill fitting dentures)
- Medication related ulcer
Low clinical suspicion for malignancy: maximal 6 weeks of observation and monitoring of treatment effects
#### Sub-branches:
- **Effective:** monitor patient until lesion has resolved
- **Not effective** → **Biopsy**
### Center Branch:
**No etiological factors present** → **Biopsy**
### Right Branch:
**Suspicion of systemic disease** → **Referral to the appropriate specialty** → **If requested** → **Biopsy**
---
**Fig. 1 Flowchart for non-pigmented mucosal lesions. (Adapted from van der Waal 2010)**
**Contemporary Oral Medicine**
#### Decision Pathway for Non-Pigmented Mucosal Lesions
1. **Assessment of Etiological Factors**
- Identify possible factors: smoking, contact lesions (medication, amalgam filling, betel), suspicion of candidosis, mechanical trauma (cheek biting, sharp tooth/filling, ill-fitting dentures), or medication-related ulcers.
- **Low clinical suspicion for malignancy:** Observe and monitor treatment effects for a maximum of 6 weeks.
- If treatment is effective: Monitor patient until lesion has resolved.
- If treatment is not effective: Proceed to **Biopsy**.
2. **Absence of Etiological Factors**
- If no etiological factors are present: Proceed to **Biopsy**.
3. **Suspicion of Systemic Disease**
- Referral to the appropriate specialty.
- If requested by the specialist: Proceed to **Biopsy**.
![]()
Flowchart for non-pigmented mucosal lesions (Fig. 1). The diagram starts with a central node 'Non-pigmented lesion' branching into three paths: Left ('Possible etiological factors present'), Center ('No etiological factors present'), and Right ('Suspicion of systemic disease'). The left path details specific causes like smoking or trauma, leading to a decision point on treatment effectiveness before converging to 'Biopsy'. The center path leads directly to 'Biopsy'. The right path involves referral and potential biopsy if requested. All nodes are connected by arrows indicating the diagnostic workflow.
# Investigations – Biopsy
![]()
Clinical photograph showing a surgical instrument tray laid out on a blue sterile drape. The tray contains various biopsy tools including forceps, scissors, and retractors, along with metal bowls containing gauze or cotton wool. This image is part of the 'Investigations – Biopsy' section as indicated by the OCR text.
# Investigations – Biopsy
<table>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">
<strong>CLINIPATH PATHOLOGY</strong><br>
647 Murray St, West Perth, W.A. 6005<br>
Tel (08) 9476 5222 Fax (08) 9324 1287<br>
www.clinipathpathology.com.au
</td>
<td colspan="2">PATIENT SURNAME</td>
<td colspan="4">GIVEN NAMES</td>
<td colspan="2">LABORATORY BARCODE ONLY</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" rowspan="2"><strong>REQUESTING DOCTOR</strong><br>(SURNAME, INITIALS, ADDRESS, PROVIDER No.)</td>
<td>D.O.B.</td>
<td>SEX</td>
<td colspan="2">PHONE NUMBER</td>
<td colspan="2">SURGERY FILE#</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="6">ADDRESS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" rowspan="2"><strong>CLINICAL NOTES</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">Hospital status of patient at collection or date of service YES NO<br>☐ ☐ Private patient in private hospital or approved day hospital facility<br>☐ ☐ Private patient in recognised hospital<br>☐ ☐ Public patient in a recognised hospital<br>☐ ☐ Outpatient of recognised hospital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>TRANSFUSION</strong><br>DATE REQUIRED: TIME:<br>REASON FOR TRANSFUSION:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">FASTING ☐</td>
<td colspan="3">DIABETIC ☐</td>
<td colspan="3">LIPID LOWERING DRUG ☐</td>
<td colspan="2">PREGNANT ☐</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2">IN THE LAST 3 MONTHS HAS THE PATIENT BEEN:<br>PREGNANT ☐ YES ☐ NO<br>TRANSFUSED ☐ YES ☐ NO</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5"><strong>CERVICAL CYTOLOGY</strong><br>DATE PREVIOUS SMEAR / /<br>LMP / / THIN PREP ☐<br>SITE: CERVIX ☐ VAULT ☐<br>POST PARTUM ☐ POST MENOPAUSE ☐<br>ABN BLEED ☐ HORMONE RX ☐<br>IUCD ☐ CX SUSPICIOUS ☐</td>
<td colspan="5"><strong>THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING</strong><br>
<table>
<tr><td>DRUG</td><td>DAILY DOSE</td><td>LAST DOSE</td><td>DATE</td><td>TIME</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10"><strong>TESTS REQUESTED</strong></td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><strong>COLLECTOR TO COMPLETE</strong><br>I certify that the blood specimen(s) accompanying this request was drawn from the patient named above and I established the identity of this patient by direct enquiry and/or by inspection of wrist band, and immediately upon the blood being drawn I labelled and signed the sample tube(s).<br>NAME:<br>SIGN:<br>TIME:<br>DATE:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10">URGENT ☐ PHONE ☐ FAX ☐ RESULTS BY: / / TIME:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">COPY TO:</td>
<td colspan="6"><strong>DOCTOR’S SIGNATURE AND DATE</strong><br>____________________________________ / /</td>
<td colspan="2">COLLECTION CENTRE USE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="4">RCPA NATA<br>Accredited for compliance with NPAAC Standards and ISO 15189<br>Clinipath Pathology Pty Ltd trading as Clinipath Pathology and Bunbury Pathology. ABN 57 008 811 185, a subsidiary of Sonic Healthcare Limited (APA) ABN 24 004 196 909</td>
<td colspan="7">☐ Practitioner Use Only (Reason for Patient being unable to sign)</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="4"><strong>SAMPLE DETAILS</strong><br>
<table>
<tr><td>SST</td><td>HISTO</td></tr>
<tr><td>EDTA</td><td>PAP</td></tr>
<tr><td>GLUC</td><td>TP</td></tr>
<tr><td>CIT</td><td>URINE</td></tr>
<tr><td>SNG</td><td>SWAB</td></tr>
<tr><td>PNG</td><td>FAEC</td></tr>
<tr><td>ACD</td><td>SPUT</td></tr>
<tr><td>PPT</td><td>OTHER</td></tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">ACCOUNT INFORMATION ☐ MEDICARE ☐ PRIVATE ☐ REBATE ☐ DVA Assignment Copy ☐</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">MEDICARE / DVA NUMBER [_][_][_][_] [_][_][_][_][_] [_] [_]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">COMPANY OR OTHER ACCOUNT DETAILS</td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>PATIENT’S SIGNATURE AND DATE</strong><br>__________________________ / /</td>
</tr>
</table>
#### Pathology Request Form Requirements
- **Patient Information:** Surname, given names, date of birth, sex, phone number, address, and Medicare/DVA number.
- **Requesting Doctor Details:** Surname, initials, address, provider number, and signature.
- **Clinical Data:**
- Clinical notes and history.
- Hospital status (Private, Public, Outpatient).
- Therapeutic drug monitoring (drug name, daily dose, last dose details).
- Specific status: Pregnancy, recent transfusions, fasting, diabetic, or lipid-lowering drug use.
- **Test Specifications:**
- Tests requested.
- Urgency (Urgent, Phone, Fax results).
- Sample details (e.g., SST, EDTA, Histo, Pap, Swab, Urine).
- **Cervical Cytology (if applicable):** Previous smear date, LMP, site, and clinical history.
- **Collection Certification:** Collector name, signature, date, and time of collection.
![]()
A blank medical laboratory request form from 'CLINIPATH PATHOLOGY'. The form is structured into multiple sections including patient demographics (Patient Surname, Given Names, D.O.B., Sex, Phone Number), clinical notes, hospital status checkboxes, transfusion details, fasting/diabetic/lipid-lowering drug/pregnant status flags, cervical cytology fields, therapeutic drug monitoring table, tests requested section, collector certification area, doctor's signature line, and account information. At the bottom right, there is a 'SAMPLE DETAILS' table listing sample types such as SST, EDTA, GLUC, CIT, SNG, PNG, ACD, PPT alongside corresponding test codes like HISTO, PAP, TP, URINE, SWAB, FAEC, SPIT, OTHER.
**Investigations – Biopsy**
- Appropriate biopsy contains tissue that is representative of the most severe and significant change in the lesion and is suitable for pathologic assessment.
#### Representative Sampling
- An appropriate biopsy must contain tissue representative of the most severe and significant changes within the lesion to ensure it is suitable for pathologic assessment.
💬 Investigations – Biopsy
![]()
Clinical photo showing an endoscopic view of mucosal tissue with three circled regions labeled '1', '2', and '3'. The image is framed under the heading 'Investigations – Biopsy', indicating these areas are sites selected for biopsy sampling. Region 1 is a circular area in the upper left; regions 2 and 3 are adjacent oval-shaped areas below it, all highlighting focal lesions or abnormalities on inflamed pinkish-red mucosa.
**Investigations – Biopsy**
Procedure
→ Site selection
→ **LA**
→ Size
→ Haemostasis
#### Surgical Procedure Steps
- Site selection
- Local Anaesthetic (LA) administration
- Determination of biopsy size
- Achievement of haemostasis
**Investigations – Biopsy**
Western Diagnostic
Pathology Report
Results Enquiries: 13 61 99 www.wdp.com.au
Accredited Standard ISO9001
DR A. FRYDRYCH
SUITE 3/42-44 PARLIAMENT PLA
WEST PERTH 6005
Printed
CC Drs: A FRYDRYCH.
Sex: F
Collection Date:
**HISTOPATHOLOGY REPORT**
ACCESSION No.
Clinical Notes:
OLP left tongue.
Macroscopic Description:
Pot 1: Left tongue: One pale tissue 5x3x2mm.
Microscopic Description:
Three levels were viewed. The specimen is covered by stratified squamous parakeratotic epithelium. An intact basal layer is evident. Nothing of note can be seen in the lamina propria or submucosa.
Conclusion:
Oral lichen planus.
Reported by:
Pathologist Signature:
#### Sample Histopathology Report
- **Clinical Notes:** Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) left tongue.
- **Macroscopic Description:**
- Specimen Source: Left tongue.
- Appearance: One pale tissue measuring 5x3x2mm.
- **Microscopic Description:**
- Examination of three levels.
- Findings: Stratified squamous parakeratotic epithelium with an intact basal layer. No significant findings in the lamina propria or submucosa.
- **Conclusion:** Oral lichen planus.
**Investigations – Microbiological investigations**
* Swabs
* Culture and sensitivity
* PCR
#### Common Microbiological Techniques
- Swabs
- Culture and sensitivity
- PCR
![]()
Clinical photo: A close-up of a sterile medical swab with an orange tip and clear plastic shaft, shown against a white background. The image relates to the text 'Swabs' under 'Microbiological investigations', demonstrating the tool used for sampling.
![]()
Clinical photo: An intraoral view showing the floor of the mouth and tongue base with visible white patches or lesions on the mucosa. This visual likely demonstrates a clinical finding relevant to microbiological investigation via swabbing as described in the text.
![]()
Clinical photo: Another intraoral view focusing on the lateral aspect of the tongue showing similar white patchy lesions or surface texture abnormalities. Together with the previous image, these photos illustrate anatomical sites where swabs would be taken for culture and sensitivity or PCR testing.
**Investigations – Imaging**
✓ **Imaging**
→ Radiography
→ Computed axial tomography (CT)
→ Bone scans
→ Positron emission tomography (PET)
→ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
→ Ultrasound scanning
#### Common Imaging Techniques
- Radiography
- Computed axial tomography (CT)
- Bone scans
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Ultrasound scanning
# Communication
Communication
![]()
Clinical photo showing a doctor presenting brain MRI scans on a tablet to an elderly female patient. The image illustrates the concept of 'Communication' in a medical context, specifically demonstrating the exchange of diagnostic information between healthcare provider and patient.
Resources
RCPA The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia
https://www.rcpa.edu.au/Manuals/RCPA-Manual
#### Pathology Manuals and Guidelines
- **The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA)**
- Resource: RCPA Manual
- Website: https://www.rcpa.edu.au/Manuals/RCPA-Manual
[^1]: Original PDF page 1: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=1|L3 Investigations slides, p.1]]
[^2]: Original PDF page 2: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=2|L3 Investigations slides, p.2]]
[^3]: Original PDF page 3: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=3|L3 Investigations slides, p.3]]
[^4]: Original PDF page 4: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=4|L3 Investigations slides, p.4]]
[^5]: Original PDF page 5: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=5|L3 Investigations slides, p.5]]
[^6]: Original PDF page 6: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=6|L3 Investigations slides, p.6]]
[^7]: Original PDF page 7: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=7|L3 Investigations slides, p.7]]
[^8]: Original PDF page 8: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=8|L3 Investigations slides, p.8]]
[^9]: Original PDF page 9: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=9|L3 Investigations slides, p.9]]
[^10]: Original PDF page 10: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=10|L3 Investigations slides, p.10]]
[^11]: Original PDF page 11: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=11|L3 Investigations slides, p.11]]
[^12]: Original PDF page 12: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=12|L3 Investigations slides, p.12]]
[^13]: Original PDF page 13: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=13|L3 Investigations slides, p.13]]
[^14]: Original PDF page 14: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=14|L3 Investigations slides, p.14]]
[^15]: Original PDF page 15: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=15|L3 Investigations slides, p.15]]
[^16]: Original PDF page 16: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=16|L3 Investigations slides, p.16]]
[^17]: Original PDF page 17: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=17|L3 Investigations slides, p.17]]
[^18]: Original PDF page 18: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=18|L3 Investigations slides, p.18]]
[^19]: Original PDF page 19: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=19|L3 Investigations slides, p.19]]
[^20]: Original PDF page 20: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=20|L3 Investigations slides, p.20]]
[^21]: Original PDF page 21: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=21|L3 Investigations slides, p.21]]
[^22]: Original PDF page 22: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=22|L3 Investigations slides, p.22]]
[^23]: Original PDF page 23: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=23|L3 Investigations slides, p.23]]
[^24]: Original PDF page 24: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=24|L3 Investigations slides, p.24]]
[^25]: Original PDF page 25: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=25|L3 Investigations slides, p.25]]
[^26]: Original PDF page 26: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=26|L3 Investigations slides, p.26]]
[^27]: Original PDF page 27: [[L3 Investigations_slides.pdf#page=27|L3 Investigations slides, p.27]]