THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA School of Dentistry DENT5310 - Integrated Dental Practice 1 ORTHODONTICS MODULE ORTHODONTIC PRACTICAL EXERCISES WORKBOOK PRE-CLINICAL PROGRAMME Semester 1 2026 MODULE COORDINATOR: A/P J MIKE RAZZA SUPERVISORS: DR RICHARD LEE DR STEVE NAOUM DR DANIEL FERNANDES POST-GRADUATE REGISTRARS Student name: ______________________________ Student ID: ________________________________ #### Course Information - **Unit:** DENT5310 - Integrated Dental Practice 1 - **Module:** Orthodontics Module (Pre-Clinical Programme) - **Period:** Semester 1, 2026 #### Teaching Staff - **Module Coordinator:** A/P J Mike Razza - **Supervisors:** - Dr Richard Lee - Dr Steve Naoum - Dr Daniel Fernandes - Post-Graduate Registrars #### Student Identification - **Student Name:** ______________________________ - **Student ID:** ________________________________ # Orthodontic Practical Exercises This manual supplements the didactic teaching and texts currently used in the DMD course. Orthodontic treatment comes in a range of complexities, most of which need to be treated at a specialist level. It is important to learn the essential aspects of clinical and laboratory procedures and the relevance of each stage. With a good understanding of the fundamentals, it will be clearer what the technical and clinical issues are, and to know when treatment is beneficial for the patient and when a specialist referral is required. The orthodontic practical exercises simulates the clinical circumstances as closely as possible. It is important that students obtain the understanding to appreciate the relevance of what is being taught. This will allow students to apply these fundamentals in a clinical environment. This manual allows the student to review each of the practical exercises, learning outcomes, materials and equipment required to complete each practical task. It is recommended that students preview each stage in advance to facilitate and reinforce the learning experience. The manual is used as a logbook, which will record the continual assessment and to show that all practical tasks have been completed to meet the required standard. It is the student’s responsibility to keep all records up to date and to ensure that the manual always remains within the school. The manual is to be present for all teaching sessions, enabling the teaching staff to provide feedback and comments as required. The practical exercises are assessed as Clinically Acceptable/Unsatisfactory. Each practical exercise will need to be completed to a clinically satisfactory level. If a student cannot achieve a satisfactory level of competency within the scheduled time, extra sessions may be provided for remediation. #### Purpose of the Manual This manual supplements the didactic teaching and texts currently used in the DMD course. Orthodontic treatment comes in a range of complexities, most of which need to be treated at a specialist level. It is important to learn the essential aspects of clinical and laboratory procedures and the relevance of each stage. With a good understanding of the fundamentals, it will be clearer what the technical and clinical issues are, and to know when treatment is beneficial for the patient and when a specialist referral is required. The orthodontic practical exercises simulate clinical circumstances as closely as possible. It is important that students obtain the understanding to appreciate the relevance of what is being taught. This will allow students to apply these fundamentals in a clinical environment. #### Learning Resources and Preparation This manual allows the student to review each of the practical exercises, learning outcomes, materials, and equipment required to complete each practical task. It is recommended that students preview each stage in advance to facilitate and reinforce the learning experience. #### Logbook and Record Keeping The manual is used as a logbook, which will record the continual assessment and show that all practical tasks have been completed to meet the required standard. It is the student’s responsibility to keep all records up to date and to ensure that the manual always remains within the school. The manual is to be present for all teaching sessions, enabling the teaching staff to provide feedback and comments as required. #### Assessment Criteria The practical exercises are assessed as Clinically Acceptable or Unsatisfactory. Each practical exercise will need to be completed to a clinically satisfactory level. If a student cannot achieve a satisfactory level of competency within the scheduled time, extra sessions may be provided for remediation. ORTHODONTIC PRACTICAL EXERCISES Table of Contents 1. Anatomy Review: Identification of Anatomical Landmarks and structures 2. UNC Level II and III - Growth and Development 3. Practical Exercise - Facial Form Analysis and Facial Profile Analysis 4. Practical Exercise Cephalometrics A. Cephalometric illustrative tracings B. Cephalometrics glossary 5. Practical Exercise - Space Analysis and Model Analysis #### Table of Contents 1. Anatomy Review: Identification of Anatomical Landmarks and structures 2. UNC Level II and III - Growth and Development 3. Practical Exercise - Facial Form Analysis and Facial Profile Analysis 4. Practical Exercise Cephalometrics - A. Cephalometric illustrative tracings - B. Cephalometrics glossary 5. Practical Exercise - Space Analysis and Model Analysis 1. Anatomy Review Prior to the clinical examination, it is necessary to review the significant and major aspects of oral anatomy, including: * Osteology of the face * Osteology of the jaws * Major soft tissue structures of the mouth * Muscles of facial expression * Major muscles of mastication * Anatomy and function of the Temporo-mandibular joint * Anatomical features of the edentulous mouth It is important to become familiar with these features to get the maximum benefit out of each stage. During your evaluation of the edentulous cast, the visualisation of the relationship of the anatomical structures should enhance the appreciation of the clinical significance of these structures. Prior to the clinical examination, it is necessary to review the significant and major aspects of oral anatomy, including: - Osteology of the face - Osteology of the jaws - Major soft tissue structures of the mouth - Muscles of facial expression - Major muscles of mastication - Anatomy and function of the Temporo-mandibular joint - Anatomical features of the edentulous mouth It is important to become familiar with these features to get the maximum benefit out of each stage. During your evaluation of the edentulous cast, the visualisation of the relationship of the anatomical structures should enhance the appreciation of the clinical significance of these structures. # Osteology of the face: ## Frontal View  #### Frontal View Detailed anatomical diagram of a human skull frontal view showing labeled structures including the coronal suture, supraorbital foramen, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure, infraorbital foramen, nasal septum, frontal bone, orbital plate of frontal, greater wing of sphenoid, lesser wing of sphenoid, zygomatic bone, maxilla, nasal conchae, mastoid process, styloid process, coronoid process, head, ramus, body, and mental foramen.  A detailed anatomical diagram of the human skull from a sagittal (side) perspective. The image uses color-coding to distinguish between various cranial bones and facial structures. Each major bone and specific anatomical landmark is clearly identified via leader lines pointing to its corresponding location on the skeleton.  Anatomical diagram illustrating the skeletal structure of the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw). The top section displays the maxilla with labels for sutures, processes, and foramina. The bottom section shows the mandible with labels for the ramus, body, angle, condyle, and mental region.   An anatomical diagram illustrating the muscles of facial expression. It features labeled callouts pointing to specific muscle groups including Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, Levator labii superioris, Levator anguli oris, Zygomatic minor, Zygomatic major, Modiolus, Risorius, Platysma, Depressor anguli oris, Depressor labii inferioris, Mentalis, Buccinator, and Orbicularis oris. A labeled anatomical diagram of a human skull from a lateral view, highlighting the major muscles of mastication. The image identifies the Masseter (deep head), Masseter (superficial head), Temporalis, and surrounding bony landmarks such as the Zygomatic arch, Frontal bone, Parietal bone, External acoustic meatus, Mastoid process, and Styloid process. Major Muscles of Mastication:    Anatomical diagram illustrating the major muscles of mastication. Visible labels point to the Lateral pterygoid, Medial pterygoid, and Mandible. Superior view anatomical diagram showing the attachment points and internal structure of the masticatory muscles relative to the maxilla and mandible. Lateral view anatomical diagram detailing the complex arrangement of neck and jaw muscles, including the hyoid apparatus and associated structures like the thyroid and stylohyoid muscles.  A detailed anatomical diagram of the human mouth and throat. It features a central view of the open oral cavity showing teeth, tongue, uvula, soft palate, hard palate, tonsils, and pharyngeal constrictors. Labels point to specific structures including the 'Expansion of levator veli palatini', 'Veli palatina major artery', 'Hamulus pterygoideus', 'Pharyngopalatinus muscle', 'Buccopharyngeus muscle', 'Buccinator muscle', 'Glossopalatinus muscle', 'Tonsilla palatina', 'Palatina descendens artery', 'Maxillaris interna artery', 'Tonsillaris artery', 'Palatina ascendens artery', 'Pharyngea ascendens artery', 'Maxillaris externa artery', 'Carotis externa artery', 'Lingualis artery', 'Ramus dorsalis linguae', 'Arcus dentalis superior', 'Palatum durum', 'Palatum molle', 'Arcus glossopalatinus', 'Uvula (palatina)', 'Arcus pharyngopalatinus', 'Pharyngea Constrictor pharyngis superior muscle', 'Lateral band of lymphoid tissue', 'Buccopharyngeus muscle', 'Pharyngopalatinus muscle', 'Glossopalatinus muscle', and 'Tonsilla palatina'. The diagram also includes two magnified insets labeled 'A' and 'B' providing close-up views of vascular and muscular details. Key - page 13  Key - page 13 A labelled dental panoramic radiograph (X-ray) diagram displaying the complete dentition and surrounding maxillofacial anatomy. It includes callouts pointing to various structures such as teeth, sinuses, mandible, ramus, condyles, and soft tissues. Key - page 13  Key - page 13 Labeled dental diagram showing panoramic air spaces. Labels 45 point to lateral maxillary sinus areas, label 46 points to the nasal cavity region, and label 47 points to the mandibular canal area. # Panoramic Anatomy Key 1. maxillary sinus 2. pterygomaxillary fissure 3. pterygoid plates 4. hamulus 5. zygomatic arch 6. articular eminence 7. zygomaticotemporal suture 8. zygomatic process 9. external auditory meatus 10. mastoid process 11. middle cranial fossa 12. lateral border of the orbit 13. infraorbital ridge 14. infraorbital foramen 15. infraorbital canal 16. nasal fossa 17. nasal septum 18. anterior nasal spine 19. inferior concha 20. incisive foramen 21. hard palate 22. maxillary tuberosity 23. condyle 24. coronoid process 25. sigmoid notch 26. medial sigmoid depression 27. styloid process 28. cervical vertebrae 29. external oblique ridge 30. mandibular canal 31. mandibular foramen 32. lingula 33. mental foramen 34. submandibular gland fossa 35. internal oblique ridge 36. mental fossa 37. mental ridges 38. genial tubercles 39. hyoid bone 40. tongue 41. soft palate 42. uvula 43. posterior pharyngeal wall 44. ear lobe 45. glossopharyngeal air space 46. nasopharyngeal air space 47. palatoglossal air space ## Exercise 1. Anatomy Review I have completed a review the significant and major aspects of oral anatomy: Signature ___________________ Date ___________________ 1. maxillary sinus 2. pterygomaxillary fissure 3. pterygoid plates 4. hamulus 5. zygomatic arch 6. articular eminence 7. zygomaticotemporal suture 8. zygomatic process 9. external auditory meatus 10. mastoid process 11. middle cranial fossa 12. lateral border of the orbit 13. infraorbital ridge 14. infraorbital foramen 15. infraorbital canal 16. nasal fossa 17. nasal septum 18. anterior nasal spine 19. inferior concha 20. incisive foramen 21. hard palate 22. maxillary tuberosity 23. condyle 24. coronoid process 25. sigmoid notch 26. medial sigmoid depression 27. styloid process 28. cervical vertebrae 29. external oblique ridge 30. mandibular canal 31. mandibular foramen 32. lingula 33. mental foramen 34. submandibular gland fossa 35. internal oblique ridge 36. mental fossa 37. mental ridges 38. genial tubercles 39. hyoid bone 40. tongue 41. soft palate 42. uvula 43. posterior pharyngeal wall 44. ear lobe 45. glossopharyngeal air space 46. nasopharyngeal air space 47. palatoglossal air space #### Exercise 1. Anatomy Review I have completed a review the significant and major aspects of oral anatomy: Signature ___________________ Date ___________________ 2. Exercise 2- UNC Level II and III - Growth and Development UNC Level II Unit A: I have opened and completed this on-line component: Signature ___________________ Date ___________________ UNC Level II Unit B: I have opened and completed this on-line component: Signature ___________________ Date ___________________ #### Exercise 2: UNC Level II and III - Growth and Development **UNC Level II Unit A** I have opened and completed this on-line component: - Signature: ___________________ - Date: ___________________ **UNC Level II Unit B** I have opened and completed this on-line component: - Signature: ___________________ - Date: ___________________ 3. Facial Form Analysis & Facial Profile Analysis - Individual Exercise Analysis of facial proportions and dental-facial relationships is an essential step in the diagnosis of malocclusion. is the use of simple diagnostic tools to assess the facial Form of a patient. A. Facial Form Analysis Dentofacial Proportions      Analysis of facial proportions and dental-facial relationships is an essential step in the diagnosis of malocclusion. This individual exercise involves the use of simple diagnostic tools to assess the facial form of a patient. #### Dentofacial Proportions Facial form analysis focuses on the evaluation of dentofacial proportions to establish a baseline for orthodontic diagnosis. Clinical photo showing a frontal view of a patient's face with horizontal red lines dividing the face into three equal vertical thirds (labeled 1/3 each). Close-up clinical photo of the lower facial third showing horizontal red lines dividing the chin area into two sections labeled 1/3 and 2/3. Frontal clinical photo of a patient with blacked-out eyes and red dots marking symmetrical points on the forehead, cheeks, and chin to assess facial symmetry. Frontal clinical photo of a patient with blacked-out eyes and red horizontal lines across the nose and mouth, along with a vertical line down the centerline, used to assess cant or tilt of facial planes. Frontal clinical photo of a patient with blacked-out eyes and five vertical red lines dividing the face into fifths, likely assessing width proportions of the forehead, eyes, nose, and mouth areas. # FACIAL FORM ANALYSIS **01** FRONTAL VIEW: **02** SYMMETRY **03** VERTICAL AND TRANSVERSE FACIAL PROPORTIONS **04** TOOTH DISPLAY **05** FACIAL AND DENTAL MIDLINES **06** TRANSVERSE FACIAL PROMINENCE **07** VERTICAL FACIAL PROMINENCE **08** ANTERIOR TOOTH DISPLAY **09** POSTERIOR TOOTH DISPLAY: BUCCAL CORRIDORS **10** SMILE ARCH #### Frontal View Assessment 1. Frontal View 2. Symmetry 3. Vertical and Transverse Facial Proportions 4. Tooth Display 5. Facial and Dental Midlines 6. Transverse Facial Prominence 7. Vertical Facial Prominence #### Smile and Dental Esthetics 8. Anterior Tooth Display 9. Posterior Tooth Display: Buccal Corridors 10. Smile Arch Complete the following Facial Form Analysis for your two patients: **FACIAL FORM ANALYSIS** FOR YOUR PATIENT(S): WHAT'S YOUR JUDGMENT AS TO 1. **FACIAL SYMMETRY?** WITHIN NORMAL LIMIT OR ASYMMETRIC IF PRESENT, LOCATION OF ASYMMETRY 2. **INCISOR TOOTH DISPLAY?** OK, TOO LITTLE, TOO MUCH (EXCESS GINGIVA) 3. **BUCCAL CORRIDOR WIDTH** OK, TOO LITTLE, TOO MUCH 4. **SMILE ARC** OK, FLAT, EXCESSIVE SUMMARIZE THE FACIAL FORM OF YOUR PATIENT **B. Facial Profile Analysis** Facial profile analysis Has been referred to as “the poor Man’s” Cephalometric Analysis. Facial Profile analysis is performed to identify the underlying skeletal relationships. This is an important diagnostic tool for identification of patient's with severe dentofacial disproportion.  Complete the following Facial Form Analysis for your two patients: #### Clinical Judgment Criteria 1. **Facial Symmetry** - Within normal limit or asymmetric - If present, location of asymmetry 2. **Incisor Tooth Display** - OK, too little, or too much (excess gingiva) 3. **Buccal Corridor Width** - OK, too little, or too much 4. **Smile Arc** - OK, flat, or excessive #### Summary Summarize the facial form of your patient based on the observations above. Facial profile analysis has been referred to as "the poor man’s" Cephalometric Analysis. It is performed to identify underlying skeletal relationships and serves as an important diagnostic tool for identifying patients with severe dentofacial disproportion. Clinical profile analysis diagram featuring a patient's lateral headshot overlaid with cephalometric landmarks including Frankfort Plane, Porion, Orbitale, and Nasion, alongside a list of profile points such as bridge of nose, tip of nose, base of upper lip, and soft tissue chin. Three Goals of Facial Profile Analysis: 1) Establishing whether the jaws are proportionately positioned in the anterior posterior (AP) plane of space 2) Evaluation of lip posture and incisor prominence 3) Reevaluation of vertical facial proportions and evaluation of mandibular plane angle Using the right facial profile image for your patient complete the Facial Profile Analysis form. The more current Facial Profile Analysis is performed as follows: 1) Establishing whether the jaws are proportionately positioned in the anterior posterior (AP) plane of space Two lines: One from the bridge of the nose to the base of the upper lip and the other from the base of the upper lip to the chin as drawn above. 2) Evaluation of lip posture and incisor prominence Lip prominence is evaluated by observing the distance that each lip projects forward from a true vertical line through the depth of the concavity at its base (soft tissue A and B points) The E-line can be helpful to assess how the lip relates to the nose and chin   #### Goals of Facial Profile Analysis 1. Establishing whether the jaws are proportionately positioned in the anterior-posterior (AP) plane of space. 2. Evaluation of lip posture and incisor prominence. 3. Reevaluation of vertical facial proportions and evaluation of mandibular plane angle. #### Analysis Methodology Using the right facial profile image for your patient, complete the analysis as follows: - **Anterior-Posterior (AP) Relationship:** Draw two lines—one from the bridge of the nose to the base of the upper lip, and the other from the base of the upper lip to the chin. - **Lip Posture and Incisor Prominence:** - Evaluate lip prominence by observing the distance each lip projects forward from a true vertical line through the depth of the concavity at its base (soft tissue A and B points). - Use the E-line to assess how the lip relates to the nose and chin. A clinical photograph of a female patient's facial profile demonstrating the assessment of lip prominence. The image includes overlaid graphical elements such as dashed vertical lines representing the nasal septum and a solid diagonal line labeled 'E-line' connecting the subnasale to the pogonion. Specific anatomical landmarks are marked with arrows pointing to the lips, labeled 'A' and 'B', indicating the soft tissue points used for measuring projection relative to the concavity. A diagrammatic illustration containing three side-profile sketches of human heads labeled A, B, and C. These figures demonstrate the classification of jaw position in the anterior-posterior plane: A represents a convex profile, B represents a straight profile, and C represents a concave profile. Red lines are drawn on each figure to indicate the nasolabial line and the labiamental line. 3) Reevaluation of vertical facial proportions and evaluation of mandibular plane angle **Complete the following Facial Profile Analysis for your two patients:** **FACIAL PROFILE ANALYSIS** FOR YOUR PATIENT(S): WHAT'S YOUR JUDGMENT AS TO 1. ANTERO-POSTERIOR SKELETAL JAW RELATIONSHIP CLASS I (NORMAL) CLASS II CLASS III 2. VERTICAL SKELETAL JAW RELATIONSHIP NORMAL LONG FACE SHORT FACE 3. TOOTH SUPPORT FOR LIP --> LIP PROMINENCE EXCESSIVE EXCESSIVE NORMAL NORMAL INADEQUATE INADEQUATE Exercise 3 Facial Form and Facial Profile Analyses Typewritten on A4 paper Word or pdf document with attached de-identified Patient(s) photographs. Use University of Western Australia's Learning Management System Blackboard Turnitin to forward the assignment DENT5310.  #### Vertical Proportions 3. Reevaluation of vertical facial proportions and evaluation of mandibular plane angle. #### Clinical Judgment Criteria Complete the following for your two patients: 1. **Antero-Posterior Skeletal Jaw Relationship** - Class I (Normal) - Class II - Class III 2. **Vertical Skeletal Jaw Relationship** - Normal - Long face - Short face 3. **Tooth Support for Lip (Lip Prominence)** - Excessive - Normal - Inadequate #### Submission Requirements - **Format:** Typewritten on A4 paper (Word or PDF document). - **Attachments:** De-identified patient photographs. - **Submission Portal:** University of Western Australia's Learning Management System (Blackboard Turnitin) for unit DENT5310. Clinical profile photographs of three individuals: a boy (A), a girl (B), and another girl undergoing a dental examination. Yellow lines are overlaid on profiles A and B to indicate skeletal jaw measurements. Student Self-Assessment and Assessment of Facial Analysis and Facial Profile Analysis Criteria Self- assessment Pass/Fail Two (2) sets of correctly oriented de-identified patient’s diagnostic facial photographs Facial form analysis has been accurately completed Profile analysis has been accurately completed Accuracy of self-assessment – recognition of clinical acceptability Repeat Exercise Modify Exercise Completed Exercise Tutor Name and Signature: Date: File Name: Orthodontic Facial Form/Profile Analyses Exercise 3 accurately completed and submitted on-line: __________________ Signature/date Assignment expected time of completion 30 minutes each. Assignment due date: **11:59PM Thursday, 2nd April 2026**  #### Assessment Criteria | Criteria | Self-Assessment | Pass/Fail | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Two (2) sets of correctly oriented de-identified patient diagnostic facial photographs | | | | Facial form analysis has been accurately completed | | | | Profile analysis has been accurately completed | | | | Accuracy of self-assessment – recognition of clinical acceptability | | | #### Exercise Status - Repeat Exercise - Modify Exercise - Completed Exercise **Tutor Name and Signature:** ____________________ **Date:** __________ **File Name:** Orthodontic Facial Form/Profile Analyses **Exercise 3 Submission Confirmation:** - Accurately completed and submitted online: ____________________ - Signature/Date: ____________________ #### Deadlines and Timing - **Expected time of completion:** 30 minutes per assignment. - **Due date:** 11:59 PM Thursday, 2nd April 2026 A structured assessment table with columns for Criteria, Self-assessment, and Pass/Fail. Rows include evaluation items such as 'Two (2) sets of correctly oriented de-identified patient’s diagnostic facial photographs', 'Facial form analysis has been accurately completed', 'Profile analysis has been accurately completed', and 'Accuracy of self-assessment – recognition of clinical acceptability'. Below the criteria rows are action options: Repeat Exercise, Modify Exercise, Completed Exercise. The bottom row contains fields for Tutor Name and Signature and Date. 4. Cephalometrics Exercises You must complete the computer teaching programs on cephalometric tracing and cephalometric superimposition. The online Cephalometrics quiz UNC on-line will test your proficiency of the following topics and is based on the self-instructional material and reading material: (1) identification of landmarks on a cephalometric radiograph; (2) analysis of dentofacial proportions based on construction of reference planes and both linear and angular measurements; and (3) cranial base, maxillary and mandibular superimpositions. A detailed protocol for these topics is also provided below. The Cephalometrics on-line quiz is formative. THE FOLLOWING TRACING PROCEDURES ARE PROVIDED AS A REFERENCE AND STUDY AID Part 1. Techniques for cephalometric tracing and landmark identification - Place the acetate paper, rough side up, exactly over the film, with the film oriented so the face is to the right. Tape them together, making sure the top and right side of the film and the tracing paper coincide. - Follow the illustration in the as outlined in detail within orthodonticinstruction.com Level II Growth and Development Unit B – Diagnostic Procedures Cephalometric Tracing Techniques. Part 2. Protocol for Cephalometric analysis (1) Reference lines Begin the analysis by drawing the five important horizontal planes: ➢ S-N plane (extend the S-N line posteriorly beyond S) ➢ True horizontal plane (perpendicular to true vertical, through Or) ➢ palatal plane (extend the ANS-PNS line posteriorly beyond PNS) ➢ occlusal plane (extend a line along the occlusal surface of the molars and premolars or primary molars both posteriorly and anteriorly) ➢ mandibular plane (extend the Go-Gn line posteriorly) Drop a true vertical line (parallel to the chain) from nasion. Draw a segment of a true vertical line, as a dashed line, though points A and B. Draw the long axis of the maxillary and mandibular incisors. (2) Analysis Observe the orientation of the horizontal reference lines, and the position of points A and B relative to the true vertical line from nasion. Measure the following angles and record the values on the analysis sheet: ➢ ANB You must complete the computer teaching programs on cephalometric tracing and cephalometric superimposition. The online Cephalometrics quiz UNC on-line will test your proficiency of the following topics and is based on the self-instructional material and reading material: 1. Identification of landmarks on a cephalometric radiograph 2. Analysis of dentofacial proportions based on construction of reference planes and both linear and angular measurements 3. Cranial base, maxillary and mandibular superimpositions A detailed protocol for these topics is also provided below. The Cephalometrics on-line quiz is formative. #### Tracing Procedures Reference and Study Aid **Part 1. Techniques for cephalometric tracing and landmark identification** - Place the acetate paper, rough side up, exactly over the film, with the film oriented so the face is to the right. Tape them together, making sure the top and right side of the film and the tracing paper coincide. - Follow the illustration as outlined in detail within orthodonticinstruction.com Level II Growth and Development Unit B – Diagnostic Procedures Cephalometric Tracing Techniques. **Part 2. Protocol for Cephalometric analysis** **(1) Reference lines** Begin the analysis by drawing the five important horizontal planes: - S-N plane (extend the S-N line posteriorly beyond S) - True horizontal plane (perpendicular to true vertical, through Or) - Palatal plane (extend the ANS-PNS line posteriorly beyond PNS) - Occlusal plane (extend a line along the occlusal surface of the molars and premolars or primary molars both posteriorly and anteriorly) - Mandibular plane (extend the Go-Gn line posteriorly) Additional construction steps: - Drop a true vertical line (parallel to the chain) from nasion. - Draw a segment of a true vertical line, as a dashed line, through points A and B. - Draw the long axis of the maxillary and mandibular incisors. **(2) Analysis** Observe the orientation of the horizontal reference lines, and the position of points A and B relative to the true vertical line from nasion. Measure the following angles and record the values on the analysis sheet: - ANB ➢ SN-GoGn ➢ maxillary incisor to palatal plane ➢ mandibular incisor to mandibular plane ➢ interincisal angle Measure the following linear distances and record them on the analysis sheet: ➢ maxillary incisor facial surface to true vertical line through NA ➢ mandibular incisor facial surface to true vertical line through NB ➢ pogonion to true vertical line through NB From your observation of jaw positions relative to the reference lines and the measurements, you can summarize the patient's dentofacial relationships by evaluating: ➢ Vertical skeletal relationships ➢ Anteroposterior skeletal relationships ➢ Maxillary tooth-jaw relationships o Anteroposterior o vertical ➢ Mandibular tooth-jaw relationships o Anteroposterior o vertical Part 3. Superimposition of Cephalometric Radiographs For superimposition of a basic tracing see detailed protocol below and orthodonticinstruction.com Level II Growth and Development Unit B - Diagnostic Procedures Cephalometric Superimposition: 1. Cranial base superimposition. Superimpose your tracing on the red tracing, on the S-N line at S, and tape the two tracings together. Place a blank sheet of tracing paper over the superimposed tracings. Make a composite superimposition tracing, first reproducing the red tracing in solid lines, then using dashed lines to show differences between this and your tracing. 2. Maxillary superimposition. Superimpose the two tracings on the lingual contour of the maxillary anterior alveolar process and the palatal plane. Make a composite tracing of the maxillary area only, showing the changes in the position of the maxillary teeth. 3. Mandibular superimposition. Superimpose the two tracings on the lingual contour of the mandibular symphysis, the outline of the inferior alveolar canal and the crypt of the unerupted lower third molar. Make a composite tracing of the mandibular area only, showing the changes in the position of the mandibular teeth and the external contours of the mandible. #### Angular Measurements - SN-GoGn - Maxillary incisor to palatal plane - Mandibular incisor to mandibular plane - Interincisal angle #### Linear Distances Measure the following linear distances and record them on the analysis sheet: - Maxillary incisor facial surface to true vertical line through NA - Mandibular incisor facial surface to true vertical line through NB - Pogonion to true vertical line through NB #### Dentofacial Relationship Summary From your observation of jaw positions relative to the reference lines and the measurements, you can summarize the patient's dentofacial relationships by evaluating: - Vertical skeletal relationships - Anteroposterior skeletal relationships - Maxillary tooth-jaw relationships - Anteroposterior - Vertical - Mandibular tooth-jaw relationships - Anteroposterior - Vertical #### Part 3. Superimposition of Cephalometric Radiographs For superimposition of a basic tracing, see the detailed protocol below and orthodonticinstruction.com Level II Growth and Development Unit B - Diagnostic Procedures Cephalometric Superimposition: 1. **Cranial base superimposition**: Superimpose your tracing on the red tracing, on the S-N line at S, and tape the two tracings together. Place a blank sheet of tracing paper over the superimposed tracings. Make a composite superimposition tracing, first reproducing the red tracing in solid lines, then using dashed lines to show differences between this and your tracing. 2. **Maxillary superimposition**: Superimpose the two tracings on the lingual contour of the maxillary anterior alveolar process and the palatal plane. Make a composite tracing of the maxillary area only, showing the changes in the position of the maxillary teeth. 3. **Mandibular superimposition**: Superimpose the two tracings on the lingual contour of the mandibular symphysis, the outline of the inferior alveolar canal and the crypt of the unerupted lower third molar. Make a composite tracing of the mandibular area only, showing the changes in the position of the mandibular teeth and the external contours of the mandible.  A labelled line drawing of a human skull in lateral view showing standard cephalometric landmarks. The diagram includes the following points: Po (porion), Co (conchion), S (sella turcica), N (nasion), O (orbitale), PNS (posterior nasal spine), ANS (anterior nasal spine), A (subspinale), Go (gonion), B (basion), Pg (porion? - likely pogonion given position), Gn (gnathion), and Me (menton). These are key reference points used in orthodontic and maxillofacial analysis. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PLANES AND LOCATION FOR ANGULAR VALUES TO BE INSERTED FOR STANDARD UNC/UWA CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS  HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PLANES AND LOCATION FOR ANGULAR VALUES TO BE INSERTED FOR STANDARD UNC/UWA CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS Lateral skull diagram illustrating cephalometric reference lines and angular measurement locations. Key labels include horizontal plane (FH), Frankfort horizontal (FH), palatal plane (PP), mandibular plane (MP), nasion-sella line (SN), upper incisor to sella-nasion angle (U1-SN), lower incisor to mandibular plane angle (L1-MP), intercanine angle (IAN), occlusal plane (OP), and various skeletal angles (SNA, SNB, ANB). # CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS SHEET | | Normal | Normal | Initial | Final | | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | | White | Black | | | | **SNA** | 81° | 84.7° | | | | **SNB** | 78.2° | 79.2° | | | | **ANB** | 2.8° | 5.5° | | | | **SN-GoGn** | 32° | 38.2° | | | | **Maxillary incisor to SN plane** | 103.8° | 108.9° | | | | **Mandibular incisor to Mandibular plane** | 97.3° | 100° | | | | **Interincisal angle** | 126.8° | 113.8° | | | | **Maxillary incisor to NA** | 3.mm<br>23.2° | 7.4mm<br>24.1° | | | | **Mandibular incisor to NB** | 5.4mm<br>27.3° | 11.4mm<br>36.7° | | | | **Pg to N-Perpendicular** | -4 to -2mm | | | | Summary:  | Measurement | Normal White | Normal Black | Initial | Final | | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | **SNA** | 81° | 84.7° | | | | **SNB** | 78.2° | 79.2° | | | | **ANB** | 2.8° | 5.5° | | | | **SN-GoGn** | 32° | 38.2° | | | | **Maxillary incisor to SN plane** | 103.8° | 108.9° | | | | **Mandibular incisor to Mandibular plane** | 97.3° | 100° | | | | **Interincisal angle** | 126.8° | 113.8° | | | | **Maxillary incisor to NA** | 3.mm / 23.2° | 7.4mm / 24.1° | | | | **Mandibular incisor to NB** | 5.4mm / 27.3° | 11.4mm / 36.7° | | | | **Pg to N-Perpendicular** | -4 to -2mm | | | | Summary: A comprehensive Cephalometric Analysis Sheet table presenting dental measurements including SNA, SNB, ANB angles and various incisor positions. # GLOSSARY OF CEPHALOMETRIC TERMS **Nasion (N):** The anterior end of the fronto-nasal suture, or junction of frontal and nasal bones. This is seen in profile as an irregular notch. The nasal bone less dense roentgeno-graphically than the frontal bone, making it relatively easy to follow the suture even when the notch is not apparent. **Sella turcica (S):** Literally the "Turkish Saddle." The center of the bony crypt occupied by the hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland). Roentgenographically a very constant profile outline seen in its lateral aspect. **Porion (P):** This is a machine registration of the most superior point of the external auditory meatus, not necessarily corresponding to the anthropometric landmarks in the skull proper, but nevertheless constant. **Orbitale (Or):** The lowest point on the inferior bony margin of the orbit (average of two sides if two images seen). **Gnathion (Gn):** The most outward and everted point on the profile curvature of the symphysis of the mandible. It is located by bisecting the angle formed by the mandibular plane and the facial plane. **Pogonion (Pg):** The most anterior point on the symphysis of the mandible. **Menton (M):** The most inferior point on the cross section of the symphysis of the mandible. **Gonion (Go):** The most outward and everted point on the angle formed by the junction of ramus and body of the mandible on its posterior inferior aspect (average of two sides if two images seen). **Anterior nasal spine (ANS):** The spinous process of the maxilla forming the most anterior projection of the floor of the nasal cavity **Occlusal plane (OP)** The general plane of the molars and premolars (use left side if two images apparent). **Frankfort plane (FH):** Established on lateral headfilms by connecting the lowest point on the shadow of the left bony orbit with the uppermost part of the ear-rod. **Mandibular plane (MP)** The Go-Gn line **(SN):** Sella to nasion line. **"Y" (growth) axis:** Line connecting Sella with gnathion, representing approximate path of downward and forward growth of the face from beneath the cranium. **Palatal plane (PP)** ANS to PNS **Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN):** The shadow cast by the bony canal in the mandibular ramus. A stable landmark for mandibular superimposition. **U1-SN:** Angle formed by maxillary incisor to Sella nasion line – indicates inclination of incisors to cranial base. **L1-MP:** Angle formed by mandibular incisor to the mandibular plane (Go-Gn) **Nasion (N):** The anterior end of the fronto-nasal suture, or junction of frontal and nasal bones. This is seen in profile as an irregular notch. The nasal bone is less dense roentgenographically than the frontal bone, making it relatively easy to follow the suture even when the notch is not apparent. **Sella turcica (S):** Literally the "Turkish Saddle." The center of the bony crypt occupied by the hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland). Roentgenographically a very constant profile outline seen in its lateral aspect. **Porion (P):** This is a machine registration of the most superior point of the external auditory meatus, not necessarily corresponding to the anthropometric landmarks in the skull proper, but nevertheless constant. **Orbitale (Or):** The lowest point on the inferior bony margin of the orbit (average of two sides if two images seen). **Gnathion (Gn):** The most outward and everted point on the profile curvature of the symphysis of the mandible. It is located by bisecting the angle formed by the mandibular plane and the facial plane. **Pogonion (Pg):** The most anterior point on the symphysis of the mandible. **Menton (M):** The most inferior point on the cross section of the symphysis of the mandible. **Gonion (Go):** The most outward and everted point on the angle formed by the junction of ramus and body of the mandible on its posterior inferior aspect (average of two sides if two images seen). **Anterior nasal spine (ANS):** The spinous process of the maxilla forming the most anterior projection of the floor of the nasal cavity. **Occlusal plane (OP):** The general plane of the molars and premolars (use left side if two images apparent). **Frankfort plane (FH):** Established on lateral headfilms by connecting the lowest point on the shadow of the left bony orbit with the uppermost part of the ear-rod. **Mandibular plane (MP):** The Go-Gn line. **(SN):** Sella to nasion line. **"Y" (growth) axis:** Line connecting Sella with gnathion, representing approximate path of downward and forward growth of the face from beneath the cranium. **Palatal plane (PP):** ANS to PNS. **Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN):** The shadow cast by the bony canal in the mandibular ramus. A stable landmark for mandibular superimposition. **U1-SN:** Angle formed by maxillary incisor to Sella nasion line – indicates inclination of incisors to cranial base. **L1-MP:** Angle formed by mandibular incisor to the mandibular plane (Go-Gn). # Student Self-Assessment and Assessment of Cephalometric Tracing and Cephalometric Analysis | Criteria | Self-assessment | Pass/Fail | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Cephalometric tracing and analysis accurately identified and practical assignment has been completed | | | | Accurately traced the soft and hard tissues of the radiograph | | | | Accurately completed the horizontal and vertical planes | | | | Accurately completed the landmark identification | | | | Accurately completed the addition of the angular measurements on the cephalometric tracing | | | | Accurately completed the written cephalometric analysis | | | | Accuracy of self-assessment – recognition of clinical acceptability | | | **Repeat Exercise** \t **Modify Exercise** \t **Completed Exercise** Tutor Name and Signature: Date: **Assignment expected time of completion 30-45 minutes each.** **Assignment due date: 5:00PM Thursday, 16th April 2026**  | Criteria | Self-assessment | Pass/Fail | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Cephalometric tracing and analysis accurately identified and practical assignment has been completed | | | | Accurately traced the soft and hard tissues of the radiograph | | | | Accurately completed the horizontal and vertical planes | | | | Accurately completed the landmark identification | | | | Accurately completed the addition of the angular measurements on the cephalometric tracing | | | | Accurately completed the written cephalometric analysis | | | | Accuracy of self-assessment – recognition of clinical acceptability | | | **Repeat Exercise** | **Modify Exercise** | **Completed Exercise** Tutor Name and Signature: Date: **Assignment expected time of completion:** 30-45 minutes each. **Assignment due date:** 5:00PM Thursday, 16th April 2026 A structured assessment table for a student's cephalometric tracing and analysis. The table contains columns for 'Criteria', 'Self-assessment', and 'Pass/Fail'. It lists specific tasks such as identifying soft/hard tissues, completing landmarks, and adding angular measurements. Below the main criteria, there are options to select 'Repeat Exercise', 'Modify Exercise', or 'Completed Exercise'. 5. Space Analysis and Model Analysis – Individual Exercises Space Analysis Background for Space Analysis Purpose: To measure the size of the erupted permanent teeth and estimate the size of the unerupted permanent teeth and compare this estimate to the space available between the first permanent molars. Assumptions: 1. There is a correlation between erupted mandibular incisors and the remaining succedaneous teeth. 2. The prediction tables are valid for your patient. 3. Arch dimensions do not change appreciably during growth. 4. The mesial shift is predictable. 5. All succedaneous teeth are developing normally. Analysis used: Tanaka-Johnson Analysis (reference in additional reading) Applicability: These prediction tables were derived from a sample of Caucasians of Northern European descent living in Iowa. You must decide if your patient is a member of this same population group. These tables are not applicable to the different racial groups. If your patient does not fit the population to which these tables apply you can (1) complete the space analysis recognizing these limitations; or (2) a more accurate alternative is to obtain long cone periapical radiographs of all unerupted permanent teeth and measure their mesiodistal widths adjusting for magnification. However, in view of the required radiation exposure, this is not routine procedure and option (1) is preferred. Materials needed: Dental casts or digital images of dental casts Sketched patient’s profile or digital image of patient’s profile Pencil Space analysis form Boley Gauge When you are performing a space analysis using real dental casts, you should consider using a modified Boley gauge to make the necessary measurements. The Boley gauge must be modified to accurately measure the widths of teeth. Using your slow-speed handpiece and a heatless #### Background for Space Analysis **Purpose** To measure the size of the erupted permanent teeth and estimate the size of the unerupted permanent teeth and compare this estimate to the space available between the first permanent molars. **Assumptions** 1. There is a correlation between erupted mandibular incisors and the remaining succedaneous teeth. 2. The prediction tables are valid for your patient. 3. Arch dimensions do not change appreciably during growth. 4. The mesial shift is predictable. 5. All succedaneous teeth are developing normally. **Analysis Methodology** - **Analysis used:** Tanaka-Johnson Analysis. - **Applicability:** These prediction tables were derived from a sample of Caucasians of Northern European descent. They are not applicable to different racial groups. - **Alternatives:** If the patient does not fit this population, you may: 1. Complete the analysis recognizing these limitations. 2. Obtain long cone periapical radiographs to measure mesiodistal widths (not routine due to radiation exposure). **Materials Needed** - Dental casts or digital images of dental casts - Sketched or digital image of patient’s profile - Pencil - Space analysis form - Boley Gauge **Instrument Preparation** When performing a space analysis using real dental casts, use a modified Boley gauge. Using a slow-speed handpiece and a heatless stone, grind the square ends of the measurement tips to points to accurately measure tooth widths. stone, grind the square ends of the measurement tips to points as shown in the diagram (left). Remove shaded areas indicated by arrows Using the preceding information complete the Space Analysis Form for your assigned patient models. The following paragraph numbers refer to section numbers on the Space Analysis Form. 1. Measurement of Available Mandibular Space. Measure the four segments (a, b, c, d) on the mandibular cast. Each measurement is entered on the appropriate line of the Space Analysis Form. The values for each segment are summed and the sum represents the space available in the arch. 2. Measurement of Mesio-distal Permanent Mandibular Incisor. On the digital image, measure the greatest width of each incisor and calculate the sum. 3. Measurement of the Available Maxillary Space. Maxillary space available is determined in the same manner as was done for the mandibular arch. The measurements are repeated and recorded as outlined in section 1. 4. Measurement of the Mesio-Distal Permanent Maxillary Incisor Width. On the digital image, measure the greatest mesio-distal width of each incisor and calculate the sum. 5. Mandibular Space Analysis. This section will provide you with the space discrepancy (+) for the mandibular arch. Transcribe the appropriate data to this section. Record the total mandibular incisor width through use of the table at the bottom of the form to establish the size of the canines and two premolars for one mandibular quadrant. Enter the figure for both right and left sides. Add the three figures to calculate the total space required. Compare the total space required with the total for space available. 6. Maxillary Space Analysis. This section is similar to #5 except that the mandibular incisor width is used to estimate the size of the canines and two premolars for one maxillary quadrant. Enter the figures for both right and left sides and complete the calculations. #### Space Analysis Form Instructions 1. **Measurement of Available Mandibular Space:** Measure the four segments (a, b, c, d) on the mandibular cast. Enter each on the form and sum them to represent the total space available in the arch. 2. **Measurement of Mesio-distal Permanent Mandibular Incisor:** Measure the greatest width of each incisor on the digital image and calculate the sum. 3. **Measurement of the Available Maxillary Space:** Determined in the same manner as the mandibular arch (see section 1). 4. **Measurement of the Mesio-Distal Permanent Maxillary Incisor Width:** Measure the greatest width of each incisor on the digital image and calculate the sum. 5. **Mandibular Space Analysis:** Transcribe data to this section to determine space discrepancy (+). Use the table at the bottom of the form (based on total mandibular incisor width) to establish the size of canines and premolars for one quadrant. Calculate total space required and compare to space available. 6. **Maxillary Space Analysis:** Similar to section 5, but use the mandibular incisor width to estimate the size of the maxillary canines and premolars. A top-view technical diagram illustrating a dental instrument tip being ground from square ends to pointed ends. The diagram shows 'TOP VIEW' labeling and includes arrows pointing to the shaded areas indicating material removal. 7. Skeletal Jaw Relationship. Complete this section from the information on the facial Profile Analysis. It is necessary to determine the skeletal status of the patient since this will enable us to project the mandibular incisor stability found with each skeletal class and its space implications. 8. Occlusion of the First Permanent Molars. This is observed from the images of the casts in occlusion, each side individually, and recorded. 9. Molar Shift. This mesial shift is measured for patients with a Class I skeletal pattern and end-to-end molars. The right and left sides are totaled. The sum will need to be subtracted from the space discrepancy figures for section #5 to obtain a realistic analysis. 10. Lip Support. This information is also taken from the Facial Profile analysis. If lips are over-supported or under-supported, this may indicate that the incisor teeth are protrusive or regressive respectively. A correction for this effect will be necessary in interpreting space analysis results. Arch expansion is contraindicated when incisors are protrusive. **Interpretation** 1. This is the most important section. The numerical results obtained in sections 5 and 6 need to be adjusted and interpreted in light of the skeletal relationships, molar occlusion, molar shift, and lip support. 2. If more information is necessary or you need to review this material, please refer to the on-line materials on Space Analysis. "The Space Analysis and Its Interpretation". 3. The on-line quiz is formative on space analysis. **Model Analysis (including dental arch analysis)** Complete the Model Analysis for your assigned patient model including a dental arch analysis. 1. Symmetry, Space and Tooth Size - Symmetry - Asymmetric position of the entire arch - Look for distortion in arch form – usually a facial asymmetry - Asymmetry within the dental arch with a symmetric arch form – usually crowding or premature tooth loss 2. Alignment, Crowding and Spacing 7. **Skeletal Jaw Relationship:** Complete using the Facial Profile Analysis to project mandibular incisor stability and space implications based on skeletal class. 8. **Occlusion of the First Permanent Molars:** Observe and record each side individually from the occluded cast images. 9. **Molar Shift:** Measured for patients with Class I skeletal patterns and end-to-end molars. Total the right and left sides and subtract from the space discrepancy in section 5. 10. **Lip Support:** Taken from the Facial Profile analysis. Over-supported or under-supported lips indicate protrusive or regressive incisors, respectively. Arch expansion is contraindicated when incisors are protrusive. #### Interpretation and Resources - **Numerical Adjustment:** Results from sections 5 and 6 must be adjusted based on skeletal relationships, molar occlusion, molar shift, and lip support. - **Further Review:** Refer to online materials: "The Space Analysis and Its Interpretation". - **Formative Assessment:** Complete the online quiz on space analysis. #### Model Analysis Components 1. **Symmetry, Space and Tooth Size** - Symmetry: Check for asymmetric position of the entire arch (facial asymmetry) or asymmetry within the arch (crowding/tooth loss). 2. **Alignment, Crowding and Spacing** - Position of teeth on the dental arch line. - Overlapping contact points. - Rotations. - Space analysis. Alignment or position of the teeth on the line of the dental arch Overlapping contact points Rotations Space analysis 3. Tooth Size Analysis Proportion in size of the maxillary and mandibular teeth Approximately 5% of the population have some form disproportionate teeth – tooth size discrepancy Tooth size analysis – Bolton analysis 4. Arch Form Constricted, Narrow or “V” shaped Different Normal Arch form Types: Tapered Square Ovoid 5. Anterior-Posterior Relationship Class I Class II Class III Proclined or retroclined incisors 6. Vertical relationship Deep Bite ← → Open Bite 7. Transverse Relationship Narrow ← → Wide **Space Analysis and Model Analysis Practical Exercise** This is an individual practical exercise. **You must complete this exercise without any outside assistance.** There are fourteen sets of two models each: 1. You are assigned a set of models 1-14. You are sharing the models not working as a group. 2. Cleary identify which set of models you have been assigned on your Space analysis worksheet in the patient name area. Failure to do so will result in an unmarked exercise. 3. Complete the Space Analysis on Model A from the set of models you have been assigned. Space Analysis form provided and/or available in Orthodontic Clinic. Put your Student number and/or name on the Space Analysis worksheet. The patients associated with Models 1A, 4A, 6A, 11A, 12A, 13A and 16A have an Orthognathic Facial Profile and the patients associated with Models 2A, 3A, 5A, 3. **Tooth Size Analysis** - Proportion of maxillary to mandibular teeth. - Bolton analysis for tooth size discrepancy (affects ~5% of the population). 4. **Arch Form** - Constricted, Narrow, or "V" shaped. - Normal types: Tapered, Square, Ovoid. 5. **Anterior-Posterior Relationship** - Class I, II, or III. - Proclined or retroclined incisors. 6. **Vertical Relationship** - Deep Bite vs. Open Bite. 7. **Transverse Relationship** - Narrow vs. Wide. #### Individual Practical Exercise Instructions - **Independence:** Complete this exercise without outside assistance. - **Identification:** Clearly identify your assigned model set (1-14) on the worksheet. Use your student number and name. - **Space Analysis (Model A):** Complete the analysis for Model A. - **Orthognathic Facial Profile:** Models 1A, 4A, 6A, 11A, 12A, 13A, and 16A. - **Convex Facial Profile (Mandibular Retrusion):** Models 2A, 3A, 5A... 7A, 8A, 9A, 10A, 14A and 15A have a Convex Facial Profile with mandibular retrusion or mild mandibular retrusion. 4. Lip posture should be considered within normal limits and the incisor inclination should be determined by cast appearance only as no view of lips and incisor positions are possible without facial photographs. (Contemporary Orthodontics and Space Analysis Cast Analysis notes and pdf on LMS). 5. Complete a Model Analysis of the Model B from the set of models you have been assigned. (Contemporary Orthodontics Space Analysis Cast Analysis notes on LMS) 6. You will need a separate sheet of A4 paper to clearly write or type your Model Analysis conclusions on. Indicate your Student number/name and the Model number on your Model Analysis sheet of paper. <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="background-color: #2b83c5; color: white;">Model Set 1</th> <th style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Model Set 2</th> <th style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Model Set 3</th> <th style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Model Set 4</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Afsarimamaghani</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Chan</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Chua</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Farozi</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Bray</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Cheok</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Dalla-Fontana</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Ferguson</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Carson</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Ching</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Ebrahimi</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Gill</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Champion</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Chotalia</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Fang</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Goh</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #2b83c5; color: white;">Model Set 5</th> <th style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Model Set 6</th> <th style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Model Set 7</th> <th style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Model Set 8</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Hadi</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Jahromy</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Kataria</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Liang, J</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Hasanain</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Jeyakumar</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Laciste</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Liew</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Hu</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Jovcevski</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Lee</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Lin, L</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Indrawathan</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Kam</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Liang, H</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Lin, S</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #2b83c5; color: white;">Model Set 9</th> <th style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Model Set 10</th> <th style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Model Set 11</th> <th style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Model Set 12</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Lin, X</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Luk</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Nguyen</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Paik</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Liu</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Maragos</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Nozhat</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Pintaudi</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Loo</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Mollar</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">O'Hehir</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Poi</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Low</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Nasba</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Oh</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Qawas</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #2b83c5; color: white;">Model Set 13</th> <th style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Model Set 14</th> <th style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Model Set 15</th> <th style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Model Set 16</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Qi</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Shaw</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Tong</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Weerathunga</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Sabean</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Su</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Varma</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Winegard</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Saiyed</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Sutanto</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Waters</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Yang</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ffff00; color: black;">Scollay</td> <td style="background-color: #9edf6e; color: black;">Tang</td> <td style="background-color: #00aaff; color: white;">Watkins</td> <td style="background-color: #bfaeff; color: black;">Zheng</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Zhou</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>  #### Practical Exercise Instructions (Continued) - **Profile Context:** Models 7A, 8A, 9A, 10A, 14A, and 15A also have a Convex Facial Profile with mandibular retrusion or mild mandibular retrusion. - **Clinical Considerations:** Lip posture is considered within normal limits. Determine incisor inclination by cast appearance only. - **Model Analysis (Model B):** Complete a Model Analysis for Model B from your assigned set. - **Submission:** Write or type conclusions on a separate A4 sheet. Include student name/number and Model number. #### Model Set Assignments | Model Set 1 | Model Set 2 | Model Set 3 | Model Set 4 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Afsarimamaghani | Chan | Chua | Farozi | | Bray | Cheok | Dalla-Fontana | Ferguson | | Carson | Ching | Ebrahimi | Gill | | Champion | Chotalia | Fang | Goh | | Model Set 5 | Model Set 6 | Model Set 7 | Model Set 8 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Hadi | Jahromy | Kataria | Liang, J | | Hasanain | Jeyakumar | Laciste | Liew | | Hu | Jovcevski | Lee | Lin, L | | Indrawathan | Kam | Liang, H | Lin, S | | Model Set 9 | Model Set 10 | Model Set 11 | Model Set 12 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Lin, X | Luk | Nguyen | Paik | | Liu | Maragos | Nozhat | Pintaudi | | Loo | Mollar | O'Hehir | Poi | | Low | Nasba | Oh | Qawas | | Model Set 13 | Model Set 14 | Model Set 15 | Model Set 16 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Qi | Shaw | Tong | Weerathunga | | Sabean | Su | Varma | Winegard | | Saiyed | Sutanto | Waters | Yang | | Scollay | Tang | Watkins | Zheng | | | | | Zhou | Table listing names of students grouped into 16 different model sets for orthodontic analysis assignments. ```html <table border="1"> <tr> <th colspan="3">Student Self-Assessment and Assessment of Space Analysis and<br/>Model Analysis</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Criteria</th> <th>Self-assessment</th> <th>Pass/Fail</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Model set(s) accurate identified and practical assignment<br/>completed</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Accurately measured teeth and arch segments.</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Accurately calculated space analysis</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Accurate summary of the space analysis</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Neat and accurate Model Analysis completed on A4<br/>sheet of paper.</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>All parameters of model analysis are considered and are<br/>complete and accurate</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Accuracy of self-assessment – recognition of clinical<br/>acceptability</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Repeat Exercise</td> <td>Modify Exercise</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Completed Exercise</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Tutor Name and Signature: Date:</td> </tr> </table> **Assignment expected time of completion 30 minutes each.** **Assignment due date: 5:00PM Thursday, 30th April 2026** ADDITIONAL SPACE ANALYSIS FORMS ARE PROVIDED AND AVAILABLE IN THE ORTHODONTICS CLINIC. ```  #### Student Self-Assessment and Assessment Table | Criteria | Self-assessment | Pass/Fail | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Model set(s) accurate identified and practical assignment completed | | | | Accurately measured teeth and arch segments | | | | Accurately calculated space analysis | | | | Accurate summary of the space analysis | | | | Neat and accurate Model Analysis completed on A4 sheet | | | | All parameters of model analysis are considered and accurate | | | | Accuracy of self-assessment – recognition of clinical acceptability | | | **Outcome Status** - Repeat Exercise / Modify Exercise - Completed Exercise - Tutor Name and Signature: - Date: #### Deadlines and Logistics - **Expected completion time:** 30 minutes per assignment. - **Due date:** 5:00 PM Thursday, 30th April 2026. - **Note:** Additional space analysis forms are available in the Orthodontics Clinic. A table titled 'Student Self-Assessment and Assessment of Space Analysis and Model Analysis'. It lists criteria such as 'Model set(s) accurate identified', 'Accurately measured teeth', and 'Neat and accurate Model Analysis' with columns for 'Self-assessment' and 'Pass/Fail'. Below the criteria, there are options for 'Repeat Exercise', 'Modify Exercise', and 'Completed Exercise', followed by fields for 'Tutor Name and Signature' and 'Date'. [^1]: Original PDF page 1: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=1|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.1]] [^2]: Original PDF page 2: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=2|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.2]] [^3]: Original PDF page 3: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=3|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.3]] [^4]: Original PDF page 4: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=4|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.4]] [^5]: Original PDF page 5: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=5|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.5]] [^6]: Original PDF page 6: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=6|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.6]] [^7]: Original PDF page 7: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=7|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.7]] [^8]: Original PDF page 8: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=8|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.8]] [^9]: Original PDF page 9: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=9|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.9]] [^10]: Original PDF page 10: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=10|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.10]] [^11]: Original PDF page 11: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=11|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.11]] [^12]: Original PDF page 12: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=12|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.12]] [^13]: Original PDF page 13: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=13|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.13]] [^14]: Original PDF page 14: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=14|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.14]] [^15]: Original PDF page 15: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=15|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.15]] [^16]: Original PDF page 16: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=16|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.16]] [^17]: Original PDF page 17: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=17|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.17]] [^18]: Original PDF page 18: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=18|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.18]] [^19]: Original PDF page 19: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=19|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.19]] [^20]: Original PDF page 20: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=20|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.20]] [^21]: Original PDF page 21: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=21|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.21]] [^22]: Original PDF page 22: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=22|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.22]] [^23]: Original PDF page 23: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=23|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.23]] [^24]: Original PDF page 24: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=24|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.24]] [^25]: Original PDF page 25: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=25|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.25]] [^26]: Original PDF page 26: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=26|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.26]] [^27]: Original PDF page 27: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=27|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.27]] [^28]: Original PDF page 28: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=28|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.28]] [^29]: Original PDF page 29: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=29|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.29]] [^30]: Original PDF page 30: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=30|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.30]] [^31]: Original PDF page 31: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=31|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.31]] [^32]: Original PDF page 32: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=32|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.32]] [^33]: Original PDF page 33: [[2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook.pdf#page=33|2026ThirdYearDMDSemester1WorkBook, p.33]]