THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA Oral Health Centre of Western Australia Dental Surveyor Dr Matsubara #### Institutional Affiliation - Oral Health Centre of Western Australia #### Project Personnel - Dental Surveyor: Dr Matsubara The logo of The University of Western Australia, featuring a shield with a swan and the motto 'Seek Wisdom' in blue and gold colors. The logo of the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, displaying a stylized butterfly design in blue and yellow with accompanying text. A close-up photo of a dental tool, possibly a dental mirror, with a blurred background and the text 'Dental Surveyor' overlaid in white with a green outline. # Dental Surveyor ## Learning outcomes: - Discuss the aim of using a dental surveyor, - Describe all components of a surveyor, - Discuss how the surveyor is used for the fabrication of a Co-Cr RPD, - Describe three different techniques to establish the ideal path of insertion of an RPD. The primary objectives for studying the dental surveyor include: - Discuss the aim of using a dental surveyor. - Describe all components of a surveyor. - Discuss how the surveyor is used for the fabrication of a Cobalt-Chrome (Co-Cr) Removable Partial Denture (RPD). - Describe three different techniques to establish the ideal path of insertion of an RPD. A photograph of a dental surveyor, a mechanical device used in dentistry for analyzing and planning the fabrication of removable partial dentures (RPDs). The device features a base with a mounted model of a dental arch, a vertical arm with a probe, and adjustment mechanisms for precise measurements. # Dental Surveyor ## DEFINITION **Paralleling instrument**: the relative parallelism of two or more tooth surfaces It is an instrument used to locate and delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures. GPT Used to select the most favorable path of insertion and aid in the preparation of guiding planes. <img src="image.png" alt="Dental Surveyor instrument"> A dental surveyor is a paralleling instrument used to determine the relative parallelism of two or more tooth surfaces. According to the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms (GPT), it is an instrument used to locate and delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures. It is utilized to: - Select the most favorable path of insertion. - Aid in the preparation of guiding planes. A dental surveyor instrument, used to locate and delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures. The device features a vertical arm with a pointer that can be adjusted to measure the parallelism of tooth surfaces, aiding in the selection of the most favorable path of insertion and preparation of guiding planes. The logo of The University of Western Australia, featuring a shield with a black swan on a yellow background, accompanied by the text 'THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA' in blue. The logo of the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, featuring a stylized design of a tooth with a blue and green color scheme, accompanied by the text 'Oral Health Centre of Western Australia' in blue. # Dental Surveyor ## Parts of a dental surveyor - Dental surveyor <img src="image_of_dental_surveyor.png" alt="Image of a dental surveyor"> The dental surveyor consists of several specialized components designed for precision measurement and marking of dental casts. A photograph of a dental surveyor, a mechanical device used in dentistry for analyzing dental models. The device features a vertical column with a horizontal arm and a pointer, mounted on a circular base. It is positioned on the right side of the slide, accompanying the text 'Parts of a dental surveyor' and 'Dental surveyor'. # Dental Surveyor ## Parts of a dental surveyor - Dental surveyor: - Surveying platform - Vertical column - Horizontal arm - Surveying arm - Mandrel The primary structural components of the dental surveyor include: - **Surveying platform**: The base upon which the assembly rests. - **Vertical column**: Supports the upper assembly. - **Horizontal arm**: Extends from the column to position the surveying tools. - **Surveying arm**: The vertical moving part that holds the tools. - **Mandrel**: The chuck or attachment point for various surveying tools. A diagram of a dental surveyor with red outlines highlighting its main components, including the surveying platform, vertical column, horizontal arm, surveying arm, and mandrel, as listed in the adjacent text. # Dental Surveyor ## Parts of a dental surveyor - Surveying table: - Hold dental cast - Ball-and-socket joint The surveying table is used to: - Hold the dental cast securely in place. - Adjust the tilt of the cast using a ball-and-socket joint. Two dental surveyors with dental casts mounted on them, demonstrating the ball-and-socket joint mechanism for holding dental casts. A dental cast on a surveyor, showing the positioning of a pointer on the teeth, illustrating the use of the surveyor in dental analysis. A close-up view of a dental cast with a pointer in contact with the teeth, demonstrating the process of surveying a dental model. A blue dental surveyor with a dental cast, highlighting the surveying table and the ball-and-socket joint for adjusting the cast's position. The assembly allows for the stabilization of the dental cast while various diagnostic and technical procedures are performed. # Dental Surveyor ## Parts of a dental surveyor - Surveying tools: - Analyzing rod: determine relative parallelism of axial surfaces, analyze contours and undercut area without marking the cast #### Analyzing Rod The analyzing rod is used to: - Determine the relative parallelism of axial surfaces. - Analyze contours and undercut areas without leaving marks on the cast. a close-up photo showing a dental cast with a metal rod inserted into the triangular space between teeth, illustrating the use of a surveying tool. a line diagram illustrating the use of an analyzing rod on a dental cast, highlighting the triangular space and the rod's position for assessing parallelism and contours. # Dental Surveyor ## Parts of a dental surveyor - **Surveying tools:** - Analyzing rod - Carbon marker: mark the height of contour of teeth on surfaces of the dental cast. The carbon marker is used to mark the height of contour (survey line) of teeth on the surfaces of the dental cast. A photo showing three dental surveying tools, including an analyzing rod and a carbon marker, placed on a blue surface. The tools are used to mark the height of contour of teeth on dental casts. A photo demonstrating the use of a dental surveyor, where a carbon marker is applied to a dental cast to mark the height of contour of teeth. The tool is shown in action on a dental model. # Dental Surveyor ## Parts of a dental surveyor - Surveying tools: - Analyzing rod - Carbon marker - Undercut gauges: Identify the position of desired undercuts on casts Undercut gauges are used to identify the specific position and depth of desired undercuts on the dental casts. A photo showing three metallic undercut gauges labeled .01", .02", and .03" against a blue background, with red arrows indicating measurement points. This image illustrates the surveying tools used to identify the position of desired undercuts on dental casts. A line diagram of a tooth with a vertical line indicating the surveying path, illustrating the concept of identifying undercuts on dental casts. This diagram complements the text on surveying tools and their application in dental surveying. # Dental Surveyor ## Parts of a dental surveyor - **Surveying tools:** - Analyzing rod - Carbon marker - Undercut gauges - Surveyor blade: trim stone tooth to adjust the height of contour to the desirable position. The surveyor blade is used to trim the stone tooth on the cast to adjust the height of contour to a more desirable position. Two dental surveying tools are shown in a photo, including a surveyor blade with a rectangular head and a long handle, and another tool with a flat, elongated head. These tools are used for adjusting the height of contour on stone teeth during dental surveying. # Dental Surveyor ## Parts of a dental surveyor - Surveying tools: - Analyzing rod - Carbon marker - Undercut gauges - Surveyor blade - Wax knife: used during blockout procedures cutting wax and in the construction of surveyed restorations (preparing guiding planes). <img src="image.png" alt="Image showing a dental surveyor with a model of a dental arch and a surveying tool in use." /> The wax knife is utilized during: - Blockout procedures for cutting and shaping wax. - The construction of surveyed restorations, such as preparing guiding planes. A photograph showing a dental surveyor in use, with a model of a dental arch and a surveying tool interacting with the model, illustrating the process of analyzing dental structures. # Dental Surveyor ## Functions of surveyor 1) Determine the most favorable path of insertion: - Presence of suitable undercuts - Elimination of hard and soft tissues interferences - Creation of desirable aesthetic - Establish of appropriate guide planes Determining the most favorable path of insertion involves evaluating several factors: - Presence of suitable undercuts for retention. - Elimination of hard and soft tissue interferences. - Creation of desirable aesthetics. - Establishment of appropriate guiding planes. A 3D diagram illustrating a dental model with colored sections representing different areas, likely showing the path of insertion and guide planes for a dental surveyor. The diagram includes shaded regions in yellow, orange, and silver, corresponding to the functions listed in the text such as undercuts and guide planes. # Dental Surveyor ## Interferences #### Identification of Interferences The surveyor is used to identify anatomical or structural obstacles that may impede the path of insertion for a prosthesis. The diagram illustrates a dental interference scenario, showing a tooth with a red-colored crown and a blue-colored dental appliance. An arrow indicates the direction of movement, demonstrating how the appliance interacts with the tooth during function, highlighting potential interferences in occlusion. This diagram depicts a similar dental interference, with a tooth and a blue-colored appliance. A dashed arrow points upward, indicating the movement of the appliance relative to the tooth, emphasizing the point of contact and potential interference during occlusion. The logo for the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, featuring a stylized butterfly design with blue and yellow colors, accompanied by the organization's name in blue text. The logo for The University of Western Australia, displaying a shield with a black swan and the motto 'Seek Wisdom,' along with the university's name in blue text. # Dental Surveyor ## Interferences <img src="image1.png" alt="Left image showing a dental model with exostoses indicated by a red arrow." /> **Exostoses** <img src="image2.png" alt="Two images showing a dental model with mandibular tori on the left and a normal mandible on the right." /> **Mandibular Tori** #### Common Anatomical Interferences - **Exostoses**: Bony outgrowths that can interfere with the denture base. - **Mandibular Tori**: Bony protuberances on the lingual aspect of the mandible that may require relief or surgical removal. A dental model showing exostoses, with a red arrow indicating the location of the growth on the mandible. The model is set against a blue background, highlighting the abnormal bone formation. Two dental models side by side, illustrating mandibular tori. The left model shows a prominent bony growth on the mandible, while the right model shows a normal mandible without tori, both set against a blue background. # Dental Surveyor ## Interferences Evaluation of the cast continues to ensure all potential path-of-insertion obstacles are accounted for. A photo showing a dental model with a surveying instrument, illustrating the process of identifying interferences in dental prosthetics. The image captures a close-up view of the instrument's tip approaching the model's surface. A photo depicting a dental model with a surveying instrument in contact with the model, highlighting a specific interference point indicated by a red arrow. This image demonstrates the precise measurement of occlusal surfaces during dental surveying. # Dental Surveyor ## Functions of surveyor 2) Delineate the height of contour of supporting teeth. <img> Surveyor blade Carbon marker too high on tooth False height of contour True height of contour The surveyor uses a carbon marker to identify the height of contour. - **True height of contour**: The actual widest part of the tooth relative to the path of insertion. - **False height of contour**: An incorrect marking, often caused by the carbon marker being positioned too high on the tooth or using an incorrect tool angle. Close-up photo of a surveyor blade in use on a dental model, showing the tool interacting with the tooth surface. Photo showing a dental surveyor with a red arm and a carbon marker on a dental model, illustrating the height of contour delineation. Photo of a dental surveyor in action, with a red arm and a triangular overlay indicating the surveying area on a dental model. Diagram illustrating the difference between a false height of contour and a true height of contour on a tooth, with a carbon marker positioned too high. # Dental Surveyor ## Functions of surveyor 3) Determine the areas of the teeth that may be used for the denture retention | 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) | 0.50 mm (0.02 inch) | 0.75 mm (0.03 inch) | |---|---|---| | CoCr alloys | Cast gold | Stainless steel wire | The surveyor determines specific undercut depths required for different materials: - **0.25 mm (0.01 inch)**: Used for Cobalt-Chrome (CoCr) alloys. - **0.50 mm (0.02 inch)**: Used for Cast gold. - **0.75 mm (0.03 inch)**: Used for Stainless steel wire. Three diagrams illustrating the undercut depths for different dental materials: CoCr alloys at 0.25 mm, Cast gold at 0.50 mm, and Stainless steel wire at 0.75 mm, used for denture retention. A close-up photo showing a dental model with a red dot indicating a specific point of interest, likely related to denture retention or surveying. # Dental Surveyor ## Functions of surveyor 4) Identify proximal tooth surfaces that are parallel, so they act as guiding planes during placement and removal. If no parallel walls are available, we need to adjust the supporting teeth contour to create parallel interproximal surfaces. The surveyor identifies proximal tooth surfaces that are parallel to act as guiding planes during placement and removal. If no parallel walls are naturally available, the supporting teeth contours must be adjusted to create parallel interproximal surfaces. A close-up photo showing a dental model with a surveyor instrument in use, highlighting the adjustment of tooth contours to create parallel interproximal surfaces. The image is positioned next to text discussing the function of a surveyor in identifying guiding planes during placement and removal of dental prostheses. # Dental Surveyor ## Functions of surveyor 4) Identify proximal tooth surfaces that are parallel, so they act as guiding planes during placement and removal. #### Guiding Plane Verification Continued analysis of proximal surfaces ensures the path of placement is stabilized by parallel guiding planes. A diagram illustrating the concept of a single path of insertion and removal for dental prostheses, showing a dental prosthesis fitting over a tooth with a single guiding plane indicated by a dashed line and arrow. A diagram showing a dental prosthesis with multiple guiding planes, indicated by dashed lines and arrows, demonstrating the concept of multiple paths of insertion and removal for a dental prosthesis. A diagram depicting a dental prosthesis with multiple guiding planes, illustrated by dashed lines and arrows, representing the concept of multiple paths of insertion and removal for a dental prosthesis. # Dental Surveyor ## Functions of surveyor 5) Assist the relieve of master cast (block-out procedures): shaping and cutting wax The surveyor assists in the relief of the master cast by shaping and cutting wax during block-out procedures to eliminate unwanted undercuts. A close-up photo showing a dental surveyor tool shaping and cutting wax on a master cast, illustrating the block-out procedure for denture fabrication. # Dental Surveyor ## Functions of surveyor 6) Placement of precision attachments: internal and external attachments <img src="image.png" alt="Dental surveyor in use on a dental model with precision attachments"> The instrument is used for the precise placement of both internal and external precision attachments. A photograph showing a dental surveyor in use on a dental model, illustrating the placement of precision attachments. The image depicts a mechanical arm with a spherical head positioned over a dental cast with multiple abutments, demonstrating the function of the surveyor in aligning and preparing for internal and external attachments. # Dental Surveyor ## Functions of surveyor 7) Preparation of surveyed crowns The surveyor is used in the technical preparation of surveyed crowns to ensure they conform to the planned path of insertion and provide necessary retention/reciprocation features. Close-up photo showing a dental crown being prepared on a model, with a tool marking the tooth surface, illustrating the process of preparing surveyed crowns. Photo of a patient's mouth showing a dental bridge with metal framework and artificial teeth, demonstrating the final placement of surveyed crowns. # Dental Surveyor ## Functions of surveyor 8) Assist mouth preparation The surveyor guides the clinician in determining necessary mouth preparations, such as recontouring or rest seat placement, prior to final impressions. Close-up photo showing a dental procedure where a dental instrument is being used to prepare a tooth, with visible gums and adjacent teeth, illustrating the function of a surveyor in mouth preparation. Photo of a dental surveyor device in use, with a dental model mounted on it, demonstrating its role in assisting mouth preparation for dental work. # Dental Surveyor ## Path of Placement - Techniques - Roach technique - Bisector or Roth technique - Applegate technique <img src="image.png" alt="Diagram showing a dental surveyor with a vertical arm and horizontal arm, with pink arrows indicating movement, and a base with a red line and a golden component on top." /> There are three primary techniques used to determine the path of placement: 1. Roach technique 2. Bisector (or Roth) technique 3. Applegate technique The logo of The University of Western Australia and the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, featuring a shield with a swan and text in blue and yellow. A diagram illustrating a dental surveyor with a vertical arm and horizontal arm, showing movement indicated by pink arrows, and a base with a red line and a golden component on top. # Dental Surveyor ## Roach technique - Perpendicular to an insertion plane (occlusal plane), defined by three points on the model. **Limitation:** The long axes of the teeth are not perpendicular to the occlusal plane The path of placement is set perpendicular to an insertion plane (occlusal plane), which is defined by three points on the model. - **Limitation**: The long axes of the teeth are often not perpendicular to the occlusal plane, which may lead to poor results. A dental model showing a maxillary arch with a yellow triangular overlay and a red vertical line indicating the insertion plane, illustrating the Roach technique. The image is used to demonstrate the perpendicular relationship to the occlusal plane, which is defined by three points on the model, as described in the text. # Dental Surveyor ## Bisector or Roth technique - The path of placement will be the average of the inclination of the supporting teeth **Mesiodistal** **Buccolingual** The path of placement is determined by the average inclination of the supporting teeth, considering both: - Mesiodistal inclination - Buccolingual inclination A diagram illustrating the bisector or Roth technique for dental surveying, showing a 60-degree angle with two 30-degree lines representing the average inclination of supporting teeth. A diagram depicting the mesiodistal view of a dental arch with a surveying instrument, showing the path of placement as the average of the inclination of supporting teeth. A diagram illustrating the buccolingual view of a dental arch with a surveying instrument, showing the path of placement as the average of the inclination of supporting teeth. # Dental Surveyor ## Bisector or Roth technique - The path of placement will be the average of the inclination of the supporting teeth Limitation: difficult with multiples supporting teeth #### Bisector or Roth Technique Limitations - **Limitation**: This technique becomes increasingly difficult to apply when there are multiple supporting teeth with varying inclinations. A photo of a dental model with a white base and teeth, showing a marked path of placement with a line and the label "B3" on the side, illustrating the bisector or Roth technique. A close-up photo of a dental model with a white surface, displaying marked lines and labels such as "B1," "B2," "B3," and "BAP," demonstrating the application of the bisector or Roth technique. # Dental Surveyor ## Applegate technique (convenience) - Establish the best incline of the cast where the height of contour of the supporting teeth is located between the gingival and middle thirds or the position that favors the mouth preparation. <img> <img> <img> This technique establishes the best incline of the cast where the height of contour of the supporting teeth is located between the gingival and middle thirds, or the position that most favors mouth preparation. Three images showing a dental cast at different inclinations (0°, -10°, +10°) with a surveyor arm, illustrating the Applegate technique for determining the best incline of the cast. A photograph of two dental surveyor instruments on a blue surface, used for measuring and analyzing dental casts. A diagram illustrating the height of contour on a tooth, with a red dashed line showing the ideal position between the gingival and middle thirds, marked as 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3. A series of diagrams showing dental casts with surveyor arms at different angles, demonstrating the process of establishing the best incline for mouth preparation. # Dental Surveyor ## Applegate technique (convenience) - Establish the best incline of the cast where the height of contour of the supporting teeth is located between the gingival and middle thirds or the position that favors the mouth preparation. **Limitations:** - Operator experience - Previous planning #### Applegate Technique Limitations - **Operator experience**: Requires significant clinical judgment. - **Previous planning**: Success depends heavily on thorough initial case analysis. A composite image showing three dental casts at different inclinations: 0°, -10°, and +10°, illustrating the Applegate technique for establishing the best incline of the cast. Each cast has a dental surveyor arm positioned to measure the height of contour on the supporting teeth, demonstrating how the inclination affects the preparation for dental work. # Dental Surveyor ## 3Shape CAD software + Scanner Modern surveying can be performed digitally using 3Shape CAD software and scanners to analyze casts and plan RPD frameworks. The logo of The University of Western Australia, featuring a shield with a black swan and the motto 'SEEK WISDOM' in blue text. The logo of the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, displaying a stylized design with blue and yellow elements and text in dark blue. A black 3Shape scanner with a circular scanning area, featuring a sleek design and the brand name '3shape' on the top. A black 3Shape CAD software device with a large display screen, showing the brand name '3shape' at the bottom right corner. # Dental Surveyor ## 3Shape CAD software + Scanner Digital workflows allow for precise identification of undercuts and path of insertion through virtual modeling. 3D digital model of a dental arch created using 3Shape CAD software, showing a detailed representation of teeth and gum structure with a gold-colored base and pink highlighted areas. Another 3D digital model of a dental arch from 3Shape CAD software, displaying a similar gold-colored base with pink highlights and a blue cursor indicating interaction with the model. # Dental Surveyor ## 3Shape CAD software + Scanner The integration of CAD software streamlines the transition from diagnostic surveying to the manufacturing of the Cobalt-Chrome framework. A color-coded scale chart labeled 'Undercut depth' showing measurements from 0.00 mm to 0.75 mm, with colors ranging from yellow to red, used to indicate depth levels in a dental model. A 3D CAD model of a dental arch with a color gradient indicating undercut depth, displayed alongside a color scale, illustrating the use of 3Shape CAD software for dental analysis. A 3D model of a dental arch with two orange grid-like structures placed on the palate, likely representing a custom dental appliance or framework, demonstrating design using 3Shape CAD software. # Dental Surveyor THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA Oral Health Centre of Western Australia Thank you. The University of Western Australia logo, featuring a shield with a black swan on a yellow background, surrounded by a blue border with text and the motto 'SEEK WISDOM'. Oral Health Centre of Western Australia logo, consisting of a stylized butterfly design in blue and yellow, alongside the organization's name in blue text. 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