L1: Oral Soft Tissue and Lesion Evaluations

Identify and record risk factors—such as tobacco and alcohol use—relevant to the presentation of oral lesions.
Describe the anatomical basis for clinical signs found during systematic extraoral and intraoral examinations.
Describe the pathophysiological basis for clinical signs like induration, ulceration, and fixation during lesion evaluation.
Discuss the application of structured clinical workflows as adjuncts to obtaining an accurate history and differential diagnosis.

L2: Surgery in Oral Medicine (Biopsy)

Explain the different surgical investigations used within oral medicine, specifically punch, incisional, and excisional biopsies.
Describe best procedures to maximize information yield and minimize tissue artifacts during specimen collection and handling.
Explain the meaning of histopathology investigation results to direct subsequent patient care and staging.
Identify risk factors and contraindications, such as anticoagulation or vascularity, relevant to surgical intervention.

L3: Investigations (Blood, Microbiological & Skin)

Explain the meaning of hematology, biochemistry, and microbiology investigation results used to identify systemic links to oral disease.
Describe and relate the relevance of blood investigation results (e.g., FBC, Iron, B12, HbA1c) to health and disease manifestations like glossitis or candidosis.
Describe best procedures for collecting swabs and blood samples to maximize information yield and avoid false results.
Explain how laboratory investigation results for autoimmune or inflammatory conditions direct subsequent patient care.

L4: Imaging of Hard and Soft Tissues

Explain the meaning of imaging investigation results ranging from 2D radiographs to advanced 3D and functional modalities.
Describe and relate the relevance of imaging results (e.g., CBCT for bone, MRI for soft tissue) to maxillofacial health and disease.
Discuss the application of specific imaging modalities as adjuncts to clinical examination based on suspected pathology.
Describe procedures to maximize information yield, such as using correct windowing in CT scans or specific sequences in MRI.

L5 Infections

L5: Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Infections of the Oral Cavity

Discuss the clinical features, histopathology, investigation, and management of primary and reactivated (secondary) oral Herpes Simplex infections.
Describe the clinical features and increased severity of Herpes Simplex infections in immunocompromised patients.
Explain appropriate measures to reduce the risk of Herpes Simplex transmission through avoiding direct contact.
Discuss the clinical features, investigation, and management of primary Varicella (Chickenpox) and reactivated Herpes Zoster (Shingles) affecting orofacial dermatomes.
Describe the clinical features and complications of Varicella Zoster, such as Post-herpetic neuralgia, in immunocompromised individuals.
Describe preventive measures, including vaccination and isolation, to reduce the risk of Varicella Zoster spread.
Discuss the clinical features, etiology (Coxsackievirus), and supportive management of HFMD oral and cutaneous lesions.
Identify the histopathology and diagnostic investigations, such as PCR or viral culture, for atypical HFMD presentations.
Describe the transmission routes (fecal-oral, respiratory) and measures to reduce the risk of infection spread in community settings.
Discuss the clinical features, histopathology, and stages (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Congenital) of Syphilis manifesting in the oral cavity.
Explain the serological investigation (Nontreponemal and Treponemal tests) and penicillin-based management of Syphilis.
Describe appropriate measures to reduce infection spread, including partner notification and deferring elective dental care.
Discuss the clinical features and non-specific oropharyngeal manifestations of Gonorrhoea, including its ability to mimic other stomatitides.
Explain the investigation using Gram stain or molecular testing and the dual antimicrobial management of gonococcal infections.
Describe the risks of antimicrobial resistance and measures to reduce infection spread through contact tracing and co-infection screening.
Discuss the clinical features, Ziehl–Neelsen histopathology, and management of primary and secondary oral Tuberculosis.
Describe the oral manifestations of Tuberculosis in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with HIV co-infection.
Describe occupational infection control measures, including ventilation and BCG vaccination, to reduce the risk of Tuberculosis spread.
Discuss the clinical features, histopathology, and management of primary candidal infections (Pseudomembranous, Erythematous, and Hyperplastic).
Describe the clinical features of secondary oral candidosis, such as Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidosis, in immunocompromised patients.
Explain the investigation of fungal infections and the appropriate antifungal protocols, including denture hygiene measures to prevent reinfection.

L6 Physical and Chemical Injuries

Knowledge of physical and chemical injuries of oral hard and soft tissues.
Describe the repertoire of physical and chemical injuries that can affect the oral hard and soft tissues.
Describe the repertoire of responses of oral soft tissues to trauma.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, the clinical and histopathologic features and the diagnosis and treatment of frictional keratosis.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, the clinical and histopathologic features and the diagnosis and treatment of linea alba.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, the clinical and histopathologic features and the diagnosis and treatment of morsicatio buccarum.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, the clinical and histopathologic features and the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic ulceration.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, the clinical and histopathologic features and the diagnosis and treatment of burns.
Discuss exfoliative cheilitis.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, the clinical and histopathologic features and the diagnosis and treatment of amalgam tattoos and other localized exogenous pigmentations.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, the clinical and histopathologic features and the diagnosis and treatment of smoker’s melanosis.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, the clinical and histopathologic features and the diagnosis and treatment of drug related discoloration of oral mucosa.
Explain oral complication of radiation therapy.

L7: Allergies and Immune-Mediated Disease I – OLP

Explain the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, and the diagnosis and treatment of Lichen planus.
Describe the mechanisms involved in immunologically-mediated oral mucosal diseases, specifically the Type 1 (Th1) cell-mediated immune response.
Discuss the differential diagnosis of allergic contact stomatitis (contact lichenoid reactions) and allergic mucosal reactions to systemic drug administration (lichenoid drug reactions).
Explain the clinical and histopathologic features of dermatologic diseases that mimic OLP, including Pemphigus, Pemphigoid, Chronic ulcerative stomatitis, and Lupus erythematosus.

L8: Allergies and Immune Mediated Disease II

Describe the mechanisms and pathogenesis involved in hypersensitivity and immunologically-mediated oral mucosal diseases, including cell-mediated responses and autoantibody-driven epithelial damage.
Discuss the aetiology, clinical features, and management of Transient lingual papillitis.
Discuss the aetiology, clinical features, and management of Recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
Discuss the aetiology, clinical features, and management of Perioral dermatitis.
Discuss the aetiology, clinical features, and management of Allergic contact stomatitis.
Discuss the aetiology, clinical features, and management of Angioedema.
Discuss the aetiology, clinical features, and management of Erythema migrans.
Explain the clinical and histopathologic features used to diagnose and treat Orofacial granulomatosis.
Explain the clinical and histopathologic features used to diagnose and treat Wegener’s granulomatosis.
Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of Pemphigus vulgaris.
Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of Mucous membrane pemphigoid.
Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of Linear IgA disease.
Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of Erythema multiforme.
Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of Chronic ulcerative stomatitis.
Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of Lupus erythematosus.
Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of Systemic sclerosis.
Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of CREST syndrome.

L10: Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer

Discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of oral cancer, including traditional risks like tobacco and heat, and emerging trends in non-traditional cohorts.
Identify clinical features of OPMDs and squamous cell carcinoma, such as non-healing ulcers, induration, and color changes (leukoplakia/erythroplakia).
Describe the histopathologic progression from normal mucosal variations to epithelial dysplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Explain the diagnosis and treatment framework for oral cancer, prioritizing early detection through thorough examination, palpation, and biopsy.

L11: OPMDs and Oral Cancer II — OPMD Nomenclature, Classification, and Key Entities

Define and classify OPMDs according to the WHO 2020/2021 standards, distinguishing between established entities like leukoplakia and newly included conditions such as oral lichenoid lesions and graft versus host disease.
Discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of OPMDs by identifying major carcinogenic risk factors, including the synergistic effects of tobacco and alcohol, the role of areca nut in fibrosis, and the impact of high-risk HPV.
Describe the clinical and histopathologic features of key OPMDs, such as the morphological variants of leukoplakia, the bilateral presentation of oral lichen planus, and the “honeycomb” appearance of oral lupus erythematosus.
Explain the diagnosis and management framework for OPMDs, focusing on the diagnosis of exclusion for white lesions and the appropriate use of adjunctive diagnostic tools and biopsies.

L12: Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) and Oral Cancer

Discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of oral cancer, focusing on the genetic mutations and lifestyle risk factors like tobacco, alcohol, and UV exposure that drive malignant transformation.
Identify the clinical and histopathologic features of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and epithelial dysplasia, including high-risk anatomical sites and microscopic indicators of invasion.
Describe the diagnosis of suspicious oral lesions through a systematic clinical assessment, differential diagnosis of white/red patches, and the “gold standard” biopsy protocol.
Explain the treatment and management of oral cancer based on TNM staging, including surgical and radiotherapy protocols and long-term post-treatment surveillance.

L13: Dental Management of Oral Cancer Patients

Discuss the epidemiology and treatment modalities of oral cancer, including surgery and radiation therapy, and their significant psychosocial impact on the patient’s quality of life.
Identify the clinical features of acute and chronic radiation-induced adverse effects, such as radiation mucositis, salivary gland dysfunction, and osteoradionecrosis.
Describe the dental diagnosis and management protocols required for a pre-radiation therapy work-up, including the specific criteria for pre-treatment extractions.
Explain the long-term treatment and preventive strategies for managing post-radiation complications, focusing on radiation caries, trismus exercises, and salivary stimulants.

L14: Soft Tissue Tumours

Demonstrate knowledge of the broad spectrum of soft tissue (mesenchymal) tumours—which originate from mesoderm-derived precursor cells—including the differentiation between developmental, reactive, and neoplastic lesions.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of vascular malformations, noting their non-neoplastic progressive enlargement of aberrant vessels and variations based on flow patterns.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of fibro-epithelial polyps, highlighting their nature as a reactive proliferation caused by recurrent local irritants like bite trauma.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of fibrous epulides, recognizing them as localized hyperplastic fibrous gingival masses requiring scale, clean, and excision.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of denture hyperplasia (epulis fissuratum), an inflammatory hyperplastic reaction commonly found in the vestibular sulcus under ill-fitting dentures.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, characterized by a “cobblestone” appearance on the hard palate often linked to continuous denture wear and Candida colonization.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of pyogenic granulomas, highly vascularized proliferations of granulation tissue that bleed easily and are often associated with pregnancy or trauma.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of neurofibromas, including their relation to Schwann cell proliferation and systemic manifestations like axillary freckling and Lisch nodules in Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1).
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of neurilemomas (Schwannomas), focusing on their encapsulated Antoni A/B histologic patterns and their specific association with Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF-2).
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of lipomas, identifying them as rare intraoral, well-circumscribed benign proliferations of mature adipocytes.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of hemangiomas, true endothelial neoplasms that typically proliferate during infancy and subsequently self-involute over several years.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of rhabdomyosarcomas, the most common childhood soft tissue sarcoma derived from skeletal striated muscle cells.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of fibrosarcomas, noting their highly cellular “herringbone” microscopic pattern and high rate of local recurrence.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma, an angioproliferative malignancy driven by Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) that is highly aggressive in immunosuppressed or AIDS patients.

L15 Non neoplastic and neoplastic salivary gland diseases

Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland aplasia. Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of mucoceles. Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of sialolithiasis. Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of sialadenitis. Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of Sjogren syndrome. Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of sialadenosis. Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing sialometaplasia. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of pleomorphic adenoma. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of Warthin’s tumour. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of oncocytoma. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of acinic cell carcinoma. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma.

L16 Dry Mouth

Describe the physiology, composition, glandular sources, autonomic regulation, and key functions of saliva relevant to oral comfort and tissue protection. Differentiate xerostomia, salivary gland hypofunction, and hyposalivation using subjective symptoms, objective flow-rate thresholds, and their clinical overlap. Identify the major causes and risk factors for dry mouth, including medications, polypharmacy, systemic diseases, radiation therapy, menopause, aging-related changes, and genetic conditions. Describe the clinical features and complications of dry mouth, including functional impairment, mucosal disease, candidosis, sialadenitis, caries, tooth wear, periodontal effects, GORD, nutritional changes, and reduced quality of life. Apply a structured diagnostic approach to dry mouth using medical and dental history, clinical examination, subjective screening tools, sialometry, the Challacombe Scale, laboratory investigations, and Sjögren’s syndrome classification criteria. Summarize management of dry mouth by addressing underlying causes, providing symptomatic treatments and saliva substitutes, stimulating residual salivary function, managing oral complications, and applying preventive strategies for high-risk patients.

L17 -19 Bone Disease (combine these)

Explain the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of tori and exostosis.
Explain the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis.
Explain the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of osteonecrosis, including bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis.
Explain the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of sclerotic bone island.
Explain the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of central giant cell granuloma.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of dentigerous cyst.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of glandular odontogenic cyst.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of odontogenic keratocyst / keratocystic odontogenic tumour.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of calcifying odontogenic cyst.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of nasopalatine canal cyst.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of globulomaxillary lesions.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of aneurysmal bone cyst.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of traumatic simple bone cyst.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of Stafne’s bone defect.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of fibrous dysplasia.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of cemento-osseous dysplasia.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of ameloblastoma.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of adenomatoid odontogenic tumour.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of calcifying odontogenic tumour.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of squamous odontogenic tumour.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of osteoma.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of osteoblastoma.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of cementoblastoma.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma.
Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, histopathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of metastatic disease.

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