Reactive Lesions
Hairy Tongue
“Etiology and Pathophysiology” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“HT is caused by retention or accumulation of keratin on the filiform papillae and/reduced normal desquamation;” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“he first is usually caused by dehydration, and the second by poor diet (Manabe et al. 1999).” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“This is most frequently seen in patients who have salivary gland hyposalivation from taking anticholinergic medications, not drinking sufficient water, with chronic anxiety or as a result of smoking tobacco.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“Less frequent causes of hyposalivation include head and neck radiation for cancer and Sjogren’s syndrome” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“Clinical-Pathologic Features” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1219) (pdf)
“HT is generally seen in adults because it is strongly associated with hyposalivation and chronic illness, and there may be a male predilection” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1219) (pdf)
“usually asymptomatic” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1219) (pdf)
“These matted papillae may be stained by the natural color of foods, food dyes, tobacco, or pigment produced by pigment-producing (chromogenic) bacteriae on the tongue.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1219) (pdf)
“Patient Management” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1219) (pdf)
“HT is self-limiting with no serious sequelae, and patients should be reassured that they do not have an infection” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1219) (pdf)
“Improved hydration, eating a diet containing fresh fruits and vegetables, and reducing habits that cause dehydration of the mucosa (such as smoking and using alcoholic mouth rinses) will improve this condition.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1219) (pdf)
“Brushing the tongue gently with a soft toothbrush or gentle use of a tongue scraper helps to remove the retained keratin and promote desquamation, but should be used sparingly so as not to cause further irritation to the dorsal tongue epithelium” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1219) (pdf)
“Nicotinic Stomatitis (Stomatitis Nicotina)” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1217) (pdf)
“icotinic stomatitis (NS) is an inflammatory condition of the hard palatal mucosa presenting as thickened and hyperkeratotic alteration of the palatal mucosa, commonly seen with pipe, cigar, or reverse smokers” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1217) (pdf)
“Reverse smoking lesions which are the most severe form of nicotinic stomatitis” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1217) (pdf)
“Etiology and Pathophysiology” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“NS is a misnomer because the lesions develop in response to the intense heat associated with smoking habits and not from nicotine.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“It has also been reported in patients who habitually consume extremely hot beverages. As a result of chronic exposure to heat, the palatal mucosa becomes hyperkeratotic and thickened, and the orifices of excretory salivary ducts become inflamed.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“NS is more common in males in the fifth decade and older, and is usually asymptomatic” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“The palatal mucosa is diffusely whitened, and established lesions are fissured, with a cobblestone or “dried mud” appearance.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“he surface often contains scattered 1–3 mm, red punctuate papules that represent the inflamed orifices of minor salivary gland ducts” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“Because these lesions are fairly uniform appearing and symmetric, any localized area that appears raised, warty, or fleshy must be viewed with suspicion and biopsied.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“Early NS lesions may regress on cessation of pipe smoking; however, patients with persistent” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“esions should be followed up regularly to monitor for malignant transformation, particularly reverse smokers” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“Fig. 8 Nicotinic stomatitis: diffuse whiteness of the palatal mucosa with cobblestone appearance and red puncta (Image courtesy of Dr Ivan Stojanov, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA)” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1218) (pdf)
“Leukoedema” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1212) (pdf)
“a process caused by mild local irritation, such as from cigarette or marijuana smoking, the use of some toothpastes and mouth rinses, and from physical trauma such as sucking (Heyl and Raubenheimer 1987” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1212) (pdf)
“Its prevalence differs between gender and racial groups ranging from 0.96% to 90% of the” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1212) (pdf)
“highest prevalence in African-American males” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1212) (pdf)
“Leukoedema presents as asymptomatic, white-gray translucent linear reticulations, most frequently seen on the buccal mucosa and to a lesser extent, the lip mucosa and ventral tongue.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1212) (pdf)
“he complete disappearance of these pale reticulations upon stretching the mucosa (the so-called “stretch test”)” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1212) (pdf)
“A biopsy is rarely necessary although the reticulations may be mistaken for those of lichen planus, prompting a biopsy.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1212) (pdf)
“the patient should be reassured as to the benign nature of the condition. If there is an associated smoking habit, it is a good opportunity to discuss habit cessation.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1212)
Developmental Conditions
White Sponge Nevus
“White Sponge Nevus (Cannon White Sponge Nevus, Familial White Folded Dysplasia)” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1210) (pdf)
“White sponge nevus is caused by mutation in genes associated with keratin-4 (KRT4) or keratin-13 (KRT13), resulting in keratin instability and abnormal aggregation of tonofilaments, which in turn promotes abnormal proliferation and thickening of the oral epithelium (” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1210) (pdf)
“The lesions of white sponge nevus appear at birth, early childhood, or adolescence” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1210) (pdf)
“sually present in a bilateral, symmetric fashion as asymptomatic, thick, white, spongy plaques, usually on the buccal mucosa, ventral tongue, lip mucosa, and soft palate” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1210) (pdf)
“There may also be esophageal, upper airway, and genital lesions, but the skin is not affected.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1210) (pdf)
“Diagnosis is established through a biopsy because other conditions such as chronic traumatic keratoses may appear clinically similar.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1210) (pdf)
“ere is no effective treatment. Cases that have reportedly responded to antibiotics or antibacterial mouth rinses are not likely to represent this condition but instead a reactive keratosis.” (“Contemporary Oral Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice”, 2019, p. 1210) (pdf)